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I got feed up with Creationists knocking science and twisting it all out of shape.

So in my new book, http://www.simplylogicandreason.com/

I show that Genesis and current scientific theories like the Big Bang and Evolution are not in conflict with Genesis and that Modern Creationist have apparently not even read their own Bibles. Should cause some lively debates. What do you think?

I need some good critique of my theory. It is basic physics and does not delve too deep, but I want to make sure I have the basics right before I continue. Here is an abstract, followed by a link where you may view it. Thank you.


Abstract.

S.W.A.P. The General Theory provides a framework that allows various models to be used together in the search for a unified field theory by providing points of reference between them. This allows fields like, Q.M., to use some of their methods outside their normal range, helping in the search for a connection. A classical approach is used whenever possible as this leads to a more intuitive grasp of the model. But with the aid of reference points, it can be viewed from several perspectives at any point.

Why do we need an intuitive model? "At the opposite extreme one can take a stand "against interpretation." and argue that none of these effects require us to think in terms of vacuum fields, or source fields, and that for the purpose of calculation all we need to know about is Schrödinger equation and the other tenets of quantum theory. Such an approach, though perfectly rational,...but also contrary to the way physics has for the most part developed - intuitively and with physical images...most physicists would agree on the value of a single concept that provides intuitive explanations...that the quantum vacuum is just as valuable when we broaden our perspective to include relativistic effects." p.295 [6]

The base of this framework starts with the electron. Standard models are not used so that new ground may be covered in less space, but any model of the electron can be used instead. It begins by correcting the particle persistence problems common to standing wave theories so that classical intuitive framework can be established. Q.E.D. is also used to keep a balanced flow of logical connections to related fields. Connections are found that allows work in Q.M. to have relevance within this framework, and links to Special Relativity established. Even some non - mainstream theories like Mach's principle, of which there are many, are looked at if they have some relevance, and if they provide accurate predictions.

The classic electron orbit model is reexamined and reconciled with the quantum model. Then Quarks and the nucleus are examined along with the strong nuclear force and the meson cloud. Gravity is touched on briefly towards the end along with some close thoughts on Mach's Principle. It ends with some implications for cosmology.

This approach helps unite aspects of Relativity, Classical Wave and Quantum Theory, even Mach's Principle and others, that at first do not seem related into a basic framework. This is hopefully a first step in unifying these fields of study. It should also be a useful tool in comparing models, refining current models, or developing new ones.

The end result is not a perfect fit for all the various models. It does broaden the range of each field’s application for future research. Some conflicts are solved, others remain. So it is hoped that a number of researchers from different fields of study may find this model useful.



My first draft of my theory can be found here.
http://www.wbabin.ne...sics/laster.pdf



Thank you
Charles

There are several theories based on Milo's work. Here is my humble effort.

My theory of the atom.

The Electron.

Any discussion of the atom must start with the electron. I use this description of the electron by Milo Wolff. http://www.quantumma...body_point.html

Milo gives a description of the electron as a Standing Wave Center formed by the intersection of two scalar waves. These are referred to as the In Wave and the Out Wave. The only addition I can make to Milo's electron happens after it's creation, Milo only dealt with how it was created.

As Milo pointed out, the Standing wave center will have a higher energy density which is the observed energy density of the electron. The out wave of the electron starts at the center and will encounter a change in energy density at the boundary of the Standing Wave Center. This will cause partial reflection of wave energy at the boundary, creating its own In Wave. The partly self sustaining action of this process accounts for the electrons more particle like behavior.

The Obit of the Electron.

Bohr defined the orbit of the electron as a result of the angular momentum of the electron. It can also be described with Mach's equation. http://www.wbabin.ne...hlin/wahlin.htm

This gives us a slightly different picture. The electron is not at rest in its orbit. The electrons orbit matches a wave node so that the energy gained and lost by In and Out Waves equal each other.

Bohr's method can be considered the electrons Out Wave to the universe, describing its current internal state.

Mach's method then is the electrons In Wave from the universe, adjusting its current internal state to match current conditions.

Mach's method shows that as the mass of the atom increases, the angular momentum of the electron will change, affecting its orbit. This is why Bohr's method when used alone, did not work with larger atoms. Mach's method provides a way for the electron to adjust to changes in mass within the atom. Without the In and Out waves of Milo's electron, Mach's method would not work.

The Nucleus

Protons and Neutrons are composed of quarks. Quarks are sub-harmonics of the electron wave. The electron's wave would have its amplitude changed when entering a denser region of space. Any Standing Wave Centers formed at this time would reflect the change in amplitude. This is why they have 1/2 spin like the electron, and why there are anti versions of every quark. This also accounts for their fractional charge in relation to the electron. Asymptotic freedom and quark confinement are explained also, for details see my paper here. http://www.physics-p...oach-vt483.html it is a work in progress, but a good start.

More importantly, it shows where all the anti-matter went to. Milo showed how, and experiments confirm pair production, so where are all the positrons? They still exist as the positively charged quarks in their sub-harmonic form.

Well don't be shy and let me know what you think of it so far, it is a work in progress.

Wave Structure of Matter and its foundation in Quantum Theories.

Quantum theory requires particles to meet this requirment, that the frequency of its waves to be proportional to its mass in accordance with the formula f = mc2/h. This means that a particle acts as if it were a spherical oscillator.

Now an electron can be described as being comprised of two spherical scalar waves traveling in space with velocity c, one wave traveling to the center, and the other traveling outward from the center. We define these as the In Wave and the Out Wave. The standing wave form they generate we call Standing Wave Centers, and the exibit resonance as if they were spherical oscillators. This is the base model of 1/2 spin particles like the electron and quarks. This model also shows that anti versions can exist, and would annihilate each other. Thus it conformes with the observed behavoir and obeys Feynman's Rule. As an oscillator, a Standing Wave Center resists coupling unless both have the same resonant frequency. Thus in W.S.M. the term Particle and Standing Wave Center are interchangable.

Quote: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of time, p56 on the subject of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle "It implies that particles behave in some respects like waves:...There is thus a duality between waves and particles in quantum mechanics."

Particle in W.S.M. only refers to the real particles of spin 1/2, in quantum mechanics that have a Standing Wave Center, and not the virtual particles of other spins. They will be addressed latter. If you wish a more detail look at the math of this model of the electron structure go here. http://www.quantumma...body_point.html It is worth looking at this just for the graph, as I will be refering to it often.

A Basic Atom.

When you graph the In Waves and Out Waves to produce a Standing Wave Center in this manner, you will see what looks like smaller secondary wave centers forming at harmonic intervals. Now they are not true standing wave centers, but they do provide a finite space for another Standing Wave Center to use, and interact with the Primary Standing Wave Center. This can be used to show how an atom is constructed with interacting Standing Wave Centers. We will start with the Hydrogen atom.

Make a graph of a Standing Wave Center the size of a Proton, this will be our nucleus. Now add to the graph a second wave center the size of an electron at the closest orbit allowed. The number of these harmonic nodes and loops increase greatly, W.S.M. refers to this as the Wave Density of Space. The harmonic loops seen on the graph can be thought of as finite packets of quantum energy, very usefull for transmitting energy and organizing matter. This is only a simple two diminsional view of the Hydrogen atom however, so lets expand it into three diminsions, starting with the proton again.

These hamonic nodes and loops now form a number of shells around the Standing Wave Center of the proton. An expanding sphericle web of quantum energy packets. Electrons can be added in at the coresponding orbits. Quote: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time p.59 "It revealed that an electron orbiting around a nucleus could be thought of as a wave, with a wave length that depends on its velocity. For certain orbits, the length of thr orbit would correspond to a whole number ( as opposed to a fractional number ) of wavelengths of the electron. for these orbits the wave crest would be in the same position each time around, so the waves will add up: these correspond to Bohr's allowed orbits." The electron orbit shells, being spaced around the nucleus, will have a number of these nodes and loops between them and the nucleus at any given time based on the size of its orbit. When you add all the waves related to the electron to those of the proton, a three diminsional graph of even the simple Hydrogen atom becomes complex to graph. The number of scaler waves in the graph grows with every particle added to the picture. We have constructed a picture for the basic hydrogen atom in three diminsions so far, but how can we picture more complex atoms?

This type of graphing every wave center will quickly become too complex, even for atoms of modest size. Groups of Standing Wave Centers can be thought of as a single wave center with the combined mass of all the individual standing wave centers within it. this helps some, but still makes a complex image. A graph from a different perspective, while leaving out some detail can be of use also, especialy with very large numbers of wave centers close together like planets and moons. Look at the graphs from our main website. http://www.spaceandmotion.com/

We can not leave the atom yet, as we have not addressed the other particles within it, as we know them.

Protons, Neutrons. and the Concept of Gluons.

Protons and Neutrons can not be fully explained without touching on the concept of Gluons and the Strong Nuclear Force.

The gluon, a spin 1 particle, interacts only with itself and quarks. It has the curious property called confinement. They always group three quarks together. Not only that, they are picky, and only group certain quarks together. Quantum mechanics has assigned colors and names to various quarks. To represent his grouping affect, the colors of the quarks must add up to white. The proton is composed of two Up quarks with a 2/3 postive charge each, and a Down quark with a 1/3 negative charge, for a total of 1 postive charge. The neutron is composed of two Down quarks and a Up quark for a net charge of zero. Other combinations of quarks are possible, but unstable. Called mesons these particles have a short life, quickly producing electrons and other virtual particles. Another property of the qluon is Asymptotic Freedom. In short, at high energy levels, gluons allow the quarks to behave more like individual particles. This is enough for us to explore a means for the formation of protons and neutrons.

Remember the harmonic loops we saw in the first graph. They look like a wave center, but they are not, they do not have a standing wave center of their own. They are just a packet of quantum energy moving through space. Just like quantum mechanics, this is a virtual particle, or a potential particle. Picture one of these loops moving through space. Fill it with fluid and eddies will start to form within it from the effects of the scalar waves defining its boundary. The center of these eddies represent possible locations for a standing wave center, like a quark to call home. There are a number of eddy formations that can occur within such a finite shape. One of the most stable formations involves a system of three centers in two forms. Two large ones with a small one between them ,and two small ones with a large one between them. Another differance will be noted also in this model. The eddy in the middle will have a diffrent spin than the other two. By replacing this simple models spin with different charges, we arrive at the same model for the proton and electron held by quantum mechanics. As the quarks which make up protons and neutrons are real particles by W.S.M. theory, this structure exibits the properties of a real particle. I will refer to structures built of quarks as Ternary Standing Wave Centers. Ternary refers to the three particles that make them up. As these three quarks are in close proximity, their combined standing wave form acts as a single standing wave center that effectivly fills the finite space they occupy. Constructs of fewer or greater number of quarks either would not fill this space, or be larger than the allowed space, thus they would tend to be unstable.Also. high levels of energy introduced to this arrangement will expand the area of confinment they exist in. With more room to roam, they behave more like individual particles. Thus they exibit the asymptotic freedom as seen in experiments.

Experiments to try and detect proton decay show that the proton is very stable indeed. A closer look will show why this is so. Let us replace the fluid vortexs in our model with charged spheres to repesent the quarks. Two large spheres of 2/3 charge to represent the Up quarks, and one smaller sphere with a 1/3 negative charge to represent the Down quark. The 1/3 negitive charge will be equally attracted to both 2/3 postive charges. As the charges approach each other, the greater postive charges will start to repel each other and the curve of the finite space within the node aids this. Thus they enter into a balancing act keeping the weaker negative charge between them, while avoiding each other. Add in the forces from the scalar waves in our first model, and the spheres will begin to revolve around the center of the space they occupy. This finite region of space is first defined by the loop they start in. The form these three quarks take is very stable, so their standing wave forms combine to a single standing wave center with the apparent mass of a proton. All this helps to contain the quarks within a finite region of space. The other Ternary Standing Wave Center we call a neutron is also a very stable structure, though perhaps not quite as stable as the two small quarks would have a little more freedom of movement around the larger intervening quark.

So we can see that the Wave Structure of Space is a very effective and selective means of organizing matter. To qoute an old physics textbook of mine, "Of the different ways in which energy can be transfered, the wave-tranfer mechanism is unique in that energy is transmitted without the physical transfer of material from the source."

The Neutrino.

The neutrino is a good example of virtual particle. This strange little creature has no mass or very little mass to speak of. Yet the energy it contains leaves little doubt of its existance. How can you have a particle with no mass to speak of? As you remember, W.S.M. relates real particles to a Standing Wave Center, no Standing Wave Center, no particle, or solid matter. W.S.M. also has virtual particles like quantum mechanics. These virtual particles are no more than energy being transported through space in discreet packages defined by the wave structure of space. These finite quantum areas of space can turn into real particles, like the proton, or they may not. Either way, the energy they contain is a real effect we can measure. The 'real' particles of quantum mechanics with 1/2 spin are standing waves centers, so virtual particles of other spins must have another origin. We have already spoken of the gluon, a spin 1 virtual particle, and showed how it could be accomplished by the harmonic loops of the waveform. So let's look at other spin 1 virtual particles to see of they could be related to the harmonic nodes also.

The Photon.

The photon and the electromagnetic force.

The photon, a virtual particle of spin 1 is the main exchanger of the electromagnetic force. Many physicists believe it to have a non-virtual form as well because it can be emitted from an atom, travel through space, and impart its energy to another atom. From a W.S.M. viewpoint, it is always a virtual particle, so lets see how the wave structure of space can explain this one.

Remember our basic atom model earlier and how there are shells of harmonic nodes and loops that form shells of electrons around the nucleus. For any given orbit of an electron, there will be a given number of harmonic nodes and loops between it and the nucleus. When an electron drops to a lower orbit, there will be fewer of these nodes and loops between it and the nucleus. The lost nodes and loops represent the amount of energy no longer needed by the electron to maintain its orbit. This excess energy is then carried away from the atom as part of its Out Waves, in accordance with the wave structure of the universe. We see this as the atom emitting a photon. When this packet of quantum energy impacts another electron, it passes this energy to the electron, which then moves to a higher orbit to compensate for this sudden increase in energy. It may then drop back to its old orbit, repeating the process.

So we can see that the wave structure of the universe is very good at transfering energy through space as well as particles.

Other Virtual Particles.

Bosons and the weak Nuclear Force.

Bosons are another of the spin 1 virtual particles used in quantum mechanics. They come in a number of types, but the Weinberg-Salam theory states that all bosons are in fact one particle observed in differant states. As this is close to W.S.M. theory, we will proceed from there. All bosons only affect real particles of spin 1/2. These facts give us a good starting point to look for them in W.S.M. theory. As they have spin 1 like the photon and gluon, we can assume that they arise from the harmonic nodes discussed earlier.

First one important piece of information from quantum mechanics on virtual particles. They do not have to obey Pauli's Exclusion Principle. This principle implies that no real particle of 1/2 spin can have the same position and velocity, within the limits of Heisenbergs Uncertainity Principle as another real particle. Virtual particles, unlike real particles, can overlap in this manner, they are free to stack their effects in a single location. This is clearly seen from a simple harmonic graph. The hamonic loops from two standing wave forms can freely pass through one another. Now back to bosons and another model.

Place a number of spheres close together to repesent the nucleus of an atom. The spheres themselves represent the ternary standing wave centers of the particles in the nucleus. It is easy to see that they do not fit together perfectly. There are small gaps within the model that are not filled. Each of these particles have In and Out waves that make them up. The waves that are facing away from the nucleus look normal. However there is little room for them that are emitted towards the center nucleus. Thus the only space for them to ocuppy are the little voids in our model between the spheres. Because the In and Out waves are no longer uniform, the force they impart will will be percieved as a vector effect on the particle. This we detect as massive vector bosons. However in real life, the wave centers may not be touching as in our model. One or more sets of nodes and loops could be seperating the wave centers. This would be detected as the naught boson.

So we see that the virtual particles of spin 1 in quantum mechanics can be explained as the effects of the wave structure of matter, by means of the harmonic loops.

Wave Structure of Matter and Gravity.

The effects of gravity has always been a problem for quantum mechanics, but not so for W.S.M. theory.

W.S.M. states that all particles will be drawn together as a result of the wave structure of the universe. This can be easily seen from the graphs on our main web site. But what is the quantum mechanical means by which this occurs? We have seen the connection between real particles of 1/2 spin and standing wave centers. We have also seen how the virtual particles of spin 1 all seem connected to the harmonic loops produces by the standing waves. How does the spin 2 virtual particle known as the graviton fit into this model? There is one region of space we have not explored yet, and that is the region of space between the harmonic loops and the wave centers.

If scalar waves are condensing energy on one side of the wave form to create the real and virtual particles, then the conservation of energy would suggest a partial vacuum on the other side. The magnitude of this vacuum would be equal to the mass/energy displaced. This also explains why gravity is attractive in nature. Particles, when they encounter this part of the field, would be drawn towards the emittting wave center by the vacuum, the intensity of which is related to mass. This is percieved as gravity. See "Gravity and the quantum vacuum inertia hypothesis http://www.calphysic...avity_arxiv.pdf and http://www.calphysic...ueda_Danley.pdf

So in closing, all the affects seen by quantum mechcanics can be explained by the wave structure of the universe and all matter within it. Of course this essay is by no means an compleat or detailed explaination, as that would take far more room, but it should give sufficent explanation for those who wish to consider it, and delve into it deeper. http://www.spaceandmotion.com/ plenty of information and links.

Could Ion Drive technology be the key to radiation shielding, while at the same time improving ion drive efficiency?

The standard ion drive has a stage of operation where it collects excess electrons and injects them into the ion beam to prevent the spacecraft from accumulating a large negative potential.

What if that stage could be eliminated, and the negative potential be used to help shield the crew and equipment. First we must look at the problems of radiation shielding for crews in outer space. The three main schools of thought on these are: Material Shielding, which has the drawback of mass. A major factor for a ship with ion drive. Magnetic Shielding, which is weak at some points, much like the Earth is. It also requires a strong magnetic field of about 20 teslas, which might have its own ill effects, we don't know yet. Electrostatic Shielding, by giving the hull a positive charge of 2 billion volts or so , you can repel cosmic-ray protons. But it creates a bombardment of electrons in the range of its field effect.

The key might be to combine the strengths of each of these, while reducing their drawbacks, with a unique hull concept.

Picture the hull as a giant capacitor, and the ion drive giving it a charge with the electrons that would normally be collected and ejected into the positive ion stream. Each charged layer of the hull would be separated by an insulator material that is also a good radiation shielding material. The most likely bet would be a plastic, or maybe a ceramic. The skin of the hull should have a neutral charge, where as one end of the ship would have a positive charge, and the other a negative, powered by the hull capacitor system. This will generate a magnetic shield around the ship. Now all three of the main shielding systems are in place, let's look at how they interact.

At this time a nuclear electric propulsion (N.E.P.) can deliver power levels of several hundred kilo watts to an ion drive, and may reach the megawatt category in the near future. This means an ion drive could generate a large charge in the hull to create a magnetic shield around the ship. I am not sure what the max. field strength would come to, but most likely not large enough to stop the radiation on its own. The good new is, it does not have to stop it, just redirect a few particles toward the poles of the ship, and slow down the rest.

Once the charged cosmic particles have been slowed down by the magnetic field, they will encounter the hull. Passing through the skin of the outer hull, they will next encounter the material which serves as insulator and shielding. This will slow the particles down even more. Then it will encounter the first charged layer of the hull capacitor system. These charged layers will act as electrostatic shielding within the hull. Then the cosmic particles must repeat the process of going through material and charged layers till it is hopefully stopped. Because our hull has both positive and negative layers in it, it will protect against a greater range of charged particles than the standard electrostatic field design. To a charged particle, this process will act as if the hull was a material shield with electrostatic shields within it, combining these two shielding concepts. As this setup is used to create the magnetic field, all three shielding concepts are now one system. So we now have all three of the main radiation shielding systems in place, all working together. So what are the advantages of this approach, let us look.

The first advantage is an overall reduction in mass needed to protect the crew. Every gram of weight saved in material shielding would be worth its weight in gold for an ion drive ship. With just material shielding alone, it would take about one kilogram of material per square centimeter to protect a crew, that's a lot of mass. Where as magnetic and electrostatic systems have huge energy requirements. By combining the magnetic and electrostatic systems into one, we have already cut the power needed by half. With the system using the potential difference created by the ion drive, the need for its own power supply is reduced or eliminated, another reduction in weight. Because the load of protecting the ship is split between three systems, we do not have to use as much power for magnetic and electrostatic systems as if the were run alone. So the overall energy requirements for the ship is reduced also. Yet every design has some drawbacks, so let's look at how these can be reduced in this system.

Magnetic fields provides little shielding at the poles. As our magnetic field is created by the charged areas at each end of the ship, this problem will be increased from particle bombardment in these regions. The simplest way to solve this is to place the crew area in the center of the ship, away from the poles. Antenna or other extensions from the ship could move the poles even farther away from the crew, for an added measure of safety. As the crew would also need shielding from the reactor, the ship design may look something like this. A long cylinder with a antenna projecting from the front of it, the reactor and ion drive at the rear, with the crew area in the center. Of course other designs are possible with this concept. The standard electrostatic shielding concept has the drawback of causing particle bombardment due to its field radius in space around the ship. By locking these charged areas in the hull with a capacitive design, we limit the range that this field expands into space, thereby reducing the problem of particle bombardment. Next we must pick the shielding/insulator material. As it must fill two jobs, it may take some research to determine the best choices. Plastics like polyethylene might be a good starting point. If a lightweight material for the charged layers could be found, this would help in mass reduction, and make the charged layers better as material shielding. Work is already being done in this area. Adding carbon, graphite or nanotubes to plastics is one approach, polycarbonate might be a good chice for this, as it would add some impact protection also. Interpenetrating Polymer Network ( I.P.N.), and similar work by companies like the Eeonyx Corporation are promising also. Thus we can reduce the disadvantages of each of these systems while taking advantage of their strong points. The next question is, are there any other aspects we need to address with this design concept?

What if the capacitive charge in the hull started climbing too high for some reason? There would need to be a system in place to bleed off excess power and divert it to the ion drive or some other use. In the event of a solar storm, primary power could be diverted to increase the field strength. After the danger has passed, the extra power could be sent to the ion drive. This approach may allow for less than max. protection in the normal state, and protection increased when needed, resulting in an even lighter ship design. Perhaps a Faraday Cage (RF shielding) could be constructed around the crew area to help protect them from the magnetic field effects also. Another area for improvements would be the outer skin of the hull. Could it be made to generate usable power from the constant bombardment of particles. A recent discovery by researchers of the Material Sciences Division of Berkeley and partners show that alloys of indium, gallium, and nitrogen can convert virtually the full spectrum of sunlight, from the near infrared to the far ultraviolet, to electrical current. So even the outer hull of the ship may have more than one use in the future. The hull should be modular in construction and design. This will lessen the chance of system failure if a hull section gets damaged, allow repairs to be conducted in flight, and make construction quicker and more cost effective.

An increase in ion drive efficiency might be obtained by correctly locating the positive pole at the rear of the ship in relation to the ion drive. As the positive ion stream left the ion drive it would encounter the positively charged field at the rear of the ship. The ion stream would be repelled even faster away from the ship, while imparting a slight increase in thrust to the ship. While it may not be much of an increase, every little bit helps over long interstellar trips.

Hopefully this approach would reduce the weight and energy requirement of our spaceship by 2/3 over standard designs, while still protecting the crew and equipment. Let me know what you think of this concept, and any potential problems with it. I may have glossed over some points, as it is a long post to begin with, please forgive me if I have done so.