Charliebrown

Smoluchowski's trapdoor seems workable too. One example of Smoluchowski's trapdoor is a one way check valve using a ball between a seat, < (imagine a coller of a truncated open coanical collar with minor diameter and major diameter ends), and screen, X, we can draw as < O X . It will pass fluid moving left because the ball, O , in the device will be carried left to where it is blocked by the screen, X , with only a little obstruction to the fluid flow; if the fluid moves right the ball will press to the seat, < , which blocks the flow. Entrainment relates the ball to the fluid and the ball has no movement on its own. The valve operates by cause and effect. The device can work on a nanometer scale. I do not see a need for more energy to assure that the device works. The device imposes a burden on random energy to rectify it but there is a net product. The Chinese may break the paradigm logjam with their clearly operational at low power device. Aloha, Charlie

I'm used to different names in this example from Richard Feynman. To me there's a paddlewheel on a shaft to a ratchet wheel with a pawl on the rim riding the asymmetrical teeth. Feynman had a spring on the pawl to push it to the teeth and then said that it would drive the ratchet wheel backwards. I think the spring would push the ratchet wheel to the next insurmountable edge and stop. So omit the spring. A pawl will then sometimes lift away from the wheel. So have multiple pawls. The reliability of a multiple pawl system increases geometrically with the number of pawls. At least one pawl will then usually keep the wheel moving intermittently one way under random thermal impact. A temperature gradient is created when the diode array absorbs heat. If the diode array is the most effective part than the temperature gradient shouldn't be burdened with other heat conversion devices. Aloha, Charlie

Air conditioning in the diode array world will go beyond free; it will produce electrical power. Food keeping will be cheap. Energy not being created or destroyed and being always entirely useful will be the norm. Ambient temperature experiments with tubes are possible and more convincing so I'll avoid high temperature experiments. Allies may want to do these experiments so the project as a whole can focus on buying C60 / n InSb prototypes. A magnet initially at a similar strength but decaying over a couple of days would be a good control. Aloha, Charlie

They said that they waited for the inductive effects of moving the magnets to settle out before taking the measurements. I believe that ths can be competently done. I don't think that the slow decay of a magnet is important. The experiment deserves to be checked out. I wonder if closely spaced parallel sheets of different work function material where one has a low enough work function to emit well at ambient temperature and the other doesn't would produce this impractical but scientifically important amount of power without a magnet. This can almost be done at home with adapted electron tubes and even heat in a good oven. Thermocouple effects would need to be eliminated in instrument wiring across a temperature differnce though. Aloha, Charlie

The Chinese at Shanghai Jiao Tong University are making small scale convincing devices which violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0311/0311104.pdf nov 2003 http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0509/0509111.pdf sept 2005 Aloha, Charlie

For a low power device we'll immerse the instrument front end. For larger prototypes a fan to even out the temperature inside the demo box will be part of the diode array's demo load. Aloha, Charlie

The test chip was immersed in stirred inert vegetable oil to minimise thermocouple effects. Other possible effects I left to the professionals to minimise. For example, in a two wire device using the same conductor, thermovoltages between the bath and the instruments would cancel out. The theory is different than thermocouple effects. Johnson noise occours in resistors sitting on circuit boards of nominally uniform temperature. I am sure it is not thermomocouple effects. Low power tests would be subject to procedures to minimise the possibility of thermomocouple effects after asking people what the false mechinisms would be. I suppose a zero thermovoltage wire composition is available. High power test operation would be easier to assure as not being thermomocouple effects. Aloha, Charlie

Another analytical diode array prototype: Many vertical [on a typical screen] N type InSb stripes on the substrate, below [on a horizontal device] many horizontal [on a typical screen] conductive carbon nanotubes: N t y p e Many rows of conductive carbon nanotubes I n S b Each intersection is a n InSb / C anode Schottky diode. These diodes have a greater cross section than C60 buckyballs but the dispersion and embedding issues are avoided. Once the dispersion and embedding issues are solved, using 60 Buckyballs will be much more practical. Aloha, Charlie

Recently Ji Ung Lee of GE Global Research in New York fabricated a perfect diode from a C nanotube. http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/9/8/11 . Perhaps this development can be extended to make an exploratory diode array. It would also extend the investigations of others. It can probably be done quickly and smoothly. It is not as ultimately practical for large scale production as the C60 / n InSb diode array. The C SWNT device requires a cathode termination, a + gate, an – gate, and an anode termination. These can be fabricated as 4 parallel stripes. Hundreds of semiconducting C SWNTs can cross the support stripes like frets on a stringed musical instrument. Insulating NB nanotubes can separate the C nanotubes. There is a high series resistance on the present perfect diode. This feature is not needed in this application. A stabilizing capacitor can be added. Aloha, Charlie

There can be useful new thought in many places. Go forwards with a good explorer's kit of well tested tools, The exploration represents finding an intersting region, the tools represent learning advanced techniques. Automatic equipment does the purely repetitive things. Aloha, Charlie

The diode forward voltage is a standard calibration point. Small signal forward conductivity is always greater than reverse conductivity. The saturation current, another calibration point, is smaller as the diode cross section is made smaller. As the diode becomes smaller, the nonlinearity increases. I had a feasibility checking prototype tested in 1993. A chip with ~5600 diodes shilded in stirred purified vegetable oil yielded ~25 times 1 / 2 kTB watts, implying an efficiency of 1.8%. The Carnot efficiency would be zero. I lost contact with the test lab. A similar chip, intended for radio astronomy, can be bought now for $500 through someone else for checking this concept. My next step is contract with nanofabricators to evenly disperse 100 billion C60 buckyballs / cm^2 on an N type InSb substrate. The ~35 nm spacing provides room for the reverse polarity expanded depletion regions. I expect the efficiency to be a lot more than 2% because of the much smaller cross section. 4 watts / cm^2 as electrical output accompanied by that much refrigeration in stationary seawater at night would be acceptable in many applications. Aloha, Charlie

The diode array works at a nominally uniform temperature ( a temperature so uniform that a drinking bird would have only one share of Brownian Movement) (I am leaving discussion room for the issue of intrinsic microregional thermal fluctuations) using Johnson noise which is white noise radio frequency power. This noisepower can be sorted by diodes which operate by shifting mobile electron populations ( in N type semiconductors) over varying amounts of a nonconductive solid background which is a rigid mixture of neutral atoms and positive donor ions. When the Johnson Noise temporarily moves forwards the diode becomes more conductive supporting a higher current / lower voltage expression of electrical flow; when the Johnson Noise temporarily moves backwards the diode becomes less conductive supporting a higher voltage / lower current expression of electrical flow. A net residue of rectified varying D.C. Electrical power is therefore available from a diode. This residue can be aggregated by many diodes in consistent alignment parallel. The power contributed by each diode should be 1 / 2 kTB times the efficiency: the power of an array of many diodes in consistent alignment parallel should be 1 / 2 kTB times the number of diodes times the efficiency. 1 / 2 kTB is ~2 nanowatts @ ~ 20 C, full thermal bandwidth ( ~ 1 Thz ) . There is always some efficiency so electrical power can be produced at a nominally uniform temperature. When electrical power is extracted from the diode array an equivalent amount of thermal energy is absorbed. Aloha, Charlie

A guest editorial in Entropy emagazine: The mystique of the second law: http://www.mdpi.net/entropy/papers/e6010001.pdf If the Second Law of Themodynamics can be transcended than all civilization's uses of energy can become a web of prpetual motion machines of the second kind where energy is not gained or lost. I hold U.S. patent 3,690,161, DIODE ARRAY, now in the public domain for a chip comprizing very many very small diodes in consistent alignment parall which concurrently absorbs heat and produces electrical power, http://diodearray.com . I posted this story in another form in my introduction.

I'll write thread starting comments about the diode array eventually in other places and link to them when I learn how. Before I do, I'll add another invention to my introduction: Multiple Fundamental Frequency Modulation: Where a communication channel can be made ever narrower at the price of intricacy. A lot of redundant F.M. fundamentals very closein frequency are synthesized as a group and modulated in step. The frequency deviation of individual fundamentals is reduced resulting in more noise here but the noise reducing attribute of group redundancy is greater even as the collective bandwidth is reduced. Redundancy may improve things in proportion to the square root of the number of fundamentals - or better because there are several effects. Part of why this works is that a narrowly modulated individual F.M. signal has poor lock but faster acquisition time. Therefore the detector Phase Locked Loop array can capture and track the collective signal well. The redundancy of the group smears out any sensitivity of the system to the phase of the individual fundamentals. Out of band harmonics and bessel derivatives then become less important. If the collective modulation index can be reduced than channels can be carried satisfactorily at lower frequencies. This removes a paradox. Lower frequencies have more photons per second. This leads to the prospect that lower frequencies can carry more information. Narrow bandwidth collectives also have less propagation difference for the upper and lower frequency elements. This system should be tested for biological effects. The photon energy is less but there is more entrainment in the signals. The collective signal can be synthesized by a divider array where integer patterns are modulated by varying the counting pulse rate. The output pulses advance dedicated high quality sine wave synthesizers. Aloha, Charlie

http://www.johntaylorgatto.com/ Author of Underground History of Education and Dumbing Us Down which challenge the myth that modern mass education is for the efficient advancement of civilization. Aloha, Charlie