Lobby For Terra Preta

[erich]

Lehmann maintains that a concerted effort with only waste biomass (24 Gt) could sequester 8 Gt Carbon / year. That along with other efficiency measures, could bring us to 350 PPM CO2 by 2050.

 

Now, with sustainable tree plantations,( measured by how much they build soil carbon content) , feedstocks could double, and with the Ozzie's speculating about application rates of as much as 180 tons / Ha, then we have a doable Reverse Geo-Engineering system to draw down CO2 in a hurry if we experience a Climate tipping point.

[Eclipse Now]

Wow, that 8GT year is amazing... do you have a link to that one?

[erich]

OOps. Sorry I got that wrong. Here are the correct numbers;

 

The cumulative impact of the four biochar scenarios

is shown in Fig. 3 where as much as 60 gigatons of carbon could be sequestered or offset in just the 40 yearsto 2050 with the Optimistic Plus scenario.

 

How Much Carbon Can Biochar Systems Offset -- and When?

 

http://www.biochar-international.org/images/final_carbon_wpver2.0.pdf

[erich]

Hi List,

Our main man in China, Rob Flanagan "Robert Flanagan" <saffechina at gmail dot com>, sent me this presentation at China National Bamboo Research Center (CBRC)

( Green Pages · The Global Directory for Environmental Technology )

 

 

Some links to a talk I gave here at the weekend on biochar.

 

YouTube - Robert Flanagan on Biochar CBRC May 2010.wmv http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pMud-NBUu0

 

YouTube - Robert Flanagan on Biochar CBRC May 2010 part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxjxsw52nn8

 

Kind Regards,

Rob Flanagan.

 

 

 

 

ALSO; Great news on the remote sensing of Soil Carbon

 

Sowing Seeds With New Agricultural Carbon Accounting Tool

ScienceDaily (June 2, 2010) — Carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural activity in the United States can now be tracked with unprecedented resolution because of a method developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

A team led by Tristram West uses satellite remote sensing, computational resources and high-resolution national inventory datasets to pinpoint agricultural-based carbon emissions nationwide. The method, outlined in the journal Ecological Applications, provides a link between ground-based estimates and atmospheric measurements for any given agricultural point in the nation.

 

Sowing seeds with new agricultural carbon accounting tool

 

 

Shining My shoes for ISU,

Erich

[erich]

Hey Lists,

 

Biochar Rap; "Clock is a Ticken"

Last year Don Steck at USDA & I wrote this ditty, Glad to see it getting around.

If this is just the rehearsal, I can't wait for the Big Show.;

 

YouTube - Biochar Rap Rehersal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZuZgzWLFDI

 

 

 

 

IBI hard at work;

 

Ag Groups Urge USDA, EPA to Improve Climate Bill Modeling

"The most recent climate and energy proposal, from Sens. John Kerry (D-Mass.) and Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.), was introduced this month and is being looked at now by EPA, USDA and other government agencies. The groups writing on Wednesday specifically urged that EPA and USDA work together and with the agriculture community to ensure a quality analysis of the Kerry-Lieberman proposal so all involved can accurately assess its likely effects if approved.

 

Signatories of the letter included National Association of Wheat Growers, Agricultural Carbon Market Working Group, American Farmland Trust, International Biochar Initiative, National Corn Growers Association, National Farmers Union, National Milk Producers Federation and The Fertilizer Institute."

 

 

Wisconsin Ag Connection - National/World News - Ag Groups Urge USDA, EPA to Improve Climate Bill Modeling

[erich]

This is GREAT news Folks,

I last posted about Jack's talk on June 8th and his "Till Baby Till" T-shirts .

 

Well, Given the drill spill, that must of caught the Ag committee's eyes.

 

Also catchy ;

“You can have your fuel and eat it too…”.

 

"What we do today with corn and ethanol is the equivalent of taking the whole cow and grinding it all into hamburger. No one in their right mind would ever do such a thing and waste all of those valuable cuts of meat. However, today that is exactly what we do with ears of corn. A better model is to in effect “butcher” the ear of corn and use each of the “cuts” for its highest and most valuable use."

 

And most Catchy to Me;

 

" The SynGest gasifier is self-sustaining and produces biochar and therefore produces GHG-negative products. The production of carbon-negative nitrogen fertilizer is the key element within the Cornucopia BioRefinery that dramatically drives down the overall GHG footprint."

 

Cheers to Jack,

Erich

 

SynGest News: SynGest Cornucopia BioRefinery Chronicled in BiofuelsDigest

 

SynGest Inc.

SynGest Inc.'s Cornucopia BioRefinery approach was chronicled in Biofuels Digest today. The full article can be viewed here:

 

SynGest Cornucopia BioRefinery at BiofuelsDigest

 

A synopsis from BiofuelsDigest:

 

In California, SynGest CEO Jack Oswald updates the Digest readership on the Cornucopia biorefinery model, outlined earlier this year in a Digest Top Story on "energy abundance". "We have also had great reception at USDA with Vilsack's Sr. Advisor corp. and on Capitol Hill. In fact, I have been asked to present to the U.S. House of Representatives House Agriculture Committee Staff...The committee specifically wants us to address the Cornucopia model because it is the first integrated BioRefinery processing approach that has the potential to replicate and scale quickly enough to allow the U.S. to achieve all of the RFS2 production goals within the timeframe available."

 

 

Jack Oswald, CEO

SynGest Inc.

SynGest: BioAmmonia from Biomass

 

Transformative Technology: SynGest Cornucopia BioRefinery : Biofuels Digest - biofuels, biodiesel, ethanol, algae, jatropha, green gasoline, green diesel, and biocrude daily news

 

 

 

This new look at VM%, from U of H, may help explain some of the anomalous failures in plant response in some first year studies

 

Charcoal Volatile Matter Content Influences Plant

Growth and Soil Nitrogen Transformations

"Our results demonstrate that VM content appears to be an important property of charcoal that has short-term effects on soil N

transformations and plant growth. Longer incubation experiments and field trials are needed to further elucidate the

role of charcoal VM content on soil processes and plant growth."

 

The link to the abstract is: https://www.soils.org/files/publications/sssaj/abstracts/74-4/s09-0115-abs.pdf

 

 

 

A Carbon Tool to Drool Over:

sure be nice to test out some mid- or near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology for field-based, non-destructive measurements of soil carbon.

 

Soil Carbon Center at Kansas State University

 

 

Mycoremediation

Mycoremediation - Encyclopedia of Earth

[Eclipse Now]

Sorry mate, who's Jack and do you have any shots of his T-Shirt?

[erich]

As in my post;

Jack Oswald, CEO

SynGest Inc.

SynGest: BioAmmonia from Biomass

 

 

www.tillbabytill.com

 

SynGest Inc. (SynGest: BioAmmonia from Biomass) CEO, Jack Oswald delivered the keynote address at the 2010 International Biomass Conference (Home - 2011 International Biomass Conference & Expo) in Minneapolis, Minnesota on Wednesday, May 5, 2010. Oswald led attendees in chants of "Till Baby Till" (www.tillbabytill.com) - while offering a vision of a new "cornucopia" biorefinery model to produce food, fertilizer and fuel from corn. The focus of Oswald's presentation was SynGest's "Cornucopia BioRefineryTM", a strategy designed to simultaneously produce the "Three F's: Food, Fertilizer and Fuel" from a simple ear of corn. "Our integrated biorefinery model will put an end to the 'food versus fuel' debate," noted Oswald. "Now you can have your fuel and eat it too."

[Eclipse Now]

"Our integrated biorefinery model will put an end to the 'food versus fuel' debate," noted Oswald. "Now you can have your fuel and eat it too."

 

Nice quotes!

[erich]

Hi All,

Boy, .....They will let just any fool blather in front of the cameras at ISU;

 

 

YouTube - What is Biochar? Eric Knight, Iowa 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GytZXAlguTQ&feature=player_embedded

 

“there's no such thing as bad press, as long as they spell your name right.” P. T. Barnum

 

Cheers,

Erich "Ringo" Knight

[Knothead]

Calling the man a fool seems a little harsh. He may not have all his facts straight and he may not be the best speaker in the world but he is obviously passionate about what he believes and is after all on the right track. Isn't he?

[Eclipse Now]

Hi Knothead,

look at his callsign. Erich. Now look at who's speaking. Eric Knight. Now look at how he signs off his post.

Cheers,

Erich "Ringo" Knight

 

Do you think there's just a tiny possibility that he's being just a little self-effacing about linking to a talk that he made himself? :) :P :shrug:

 

Erich knows his stuff about Biochar. Being put on the spot to sum up such a big subject and the amazing solutions and implications can be a little daunting. I try to have a mnemonic of a subject I am passionate about. If I can't tick of the points of a talk on one hand, then I know I'm a gonner. I know how difficult it is to condense a subject you love into 5 minutes! I think Erich showed that this is a big subject.

 

Erich: my one question about biochar is can it function without a price on carbon? (Whether one chooses to support an ETS or carbon tax is irrelevant). A friend in my cul-de-sac works in waste disposal for Sydney. They could be going ahead with the plasma waste converter for municipal waste. This thing turns garbage into synthetic gas and road-building materials. See my page here. However, the RISK of the plasma burner is that it might make councils keen to cut out the biomass collection. Instead of providing Sydneysiders with a RED bin for all household waste and a YELLOW bin for recycled plastics, paper, and glass, and a GREEN bin for all biomass... some people propose that the plasma burner is so efficient we could just have huge RED bins and everything goes into that! The temptation is to simplify the waste trips. All those lawn clippings and leaves could go into making more syngas which feeds the petro-chemical industry. Lawn clippings into toothbrushes and jet fuel.

 

I hope not!

 

I LOVE the plasma burner, but also love biochar. I think there's a place for keeping the GREEN bin so that lawn clippings, tree clippings, leaves, and other biomass all goes into the council biochar cooker. The real danger is that according to my friend in Sydney waste management, it's not cost effective for city green waste.

 

Could we see biochar mainly as a rural farmland technology? Sydneysiders might not be that convinced by biochar as a soil amendment if it makes their waste collection cost more, but country folk understand the importance of soil health to their bottom line.

[erich]

Hi Eclipse,

 

I think it all depends on the value stream the char can be put to use for.

Short of carbon pricing , in any form, there is the emerging use as a feed supplement, insitu soil toxicity remediation, and if the total value for reduced fertilizer, both P and N, is accounted for, I still think a strong case can be made as a soil amendment.

Also as a composting amendment, in the ISU report below, C. Steiner speaks of co-composting with low C:N ratio material (ie; Manure litters) that char conserves 50% of NH3 normally lost via composting. This is of very high value to commercial composting operators who could then sell their Compost as a NPK fertilizer. ( not to mention the reduction of their carbon foot print )

 

From ISU,

For those looking for an overview of biochar and its benefits, These authors have done a very nice job of distilling a great deal of information about biochar and applying it to the US context:

 

US -Focused Biochar report: Assessment of Biochar's Benefits for the USA

http://www.biochar-us.org/pdf%20files/biochar_report_lowres.pdf

 

 

Cheers,

Erich

[erich]

Building A Soil Carbon Consensus:

 

Last week I sent Michael Pollan an article about Big Ag's reaction to WalMart's new program to source local produce and how I feel about how all levels of the Ag industry can benefit from a Soil Carbon standard to measure sustainability.

He replied asking for a synthesis of the efforts promoting soil carbon sequestration. He added he is speaking at the Climate4 conference at UC Davis.

 

I sent him the Novecta Ag Soil Carbon Standards work, the Conservation Ag / FAO report and the below information which I had not posted to the Biochar list.( http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar/?yguid=122501696 )

 

Given our election, the bipartisan potential that soil-C solutions hold to get climate legislation moving is more important than ever.

Biochar systems for Biofuels and soil carbon sequestration are so basically conservative in nature, focused on stewardship & "creation care" it is a shame that republicans have not seized it as a central environmental policy plank as the conservatives in Australia have with their ; "Carbon sequestration without Taxes".

 

The soil carbon bond can lead to an integration of organic and commercial agriculture practices. Biochar is a tool for both, for organic to increase its already-sustainable credentials, for chemical agriculture to at least halt soil carbon mining and nutrient runoff. The carbon sequestration bond can lead to a marriage of the best practices from both systems of agriculture to build soil into a biologically vital synergistic organism

 

 

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of Agricultural Land Management in the United States: A Synthesis of the Literature

This document is a companion report to the upcoming T-AGG reports. It is an extensive scientific literature review providing a side-by-side comparison of the biophysical greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of more than 40 agricultural land management activities in the United States.

http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/ecosystem/land/TAGGDLitRev

 

 

A short summary of all the efforts I know of, voluntary markets , methodologies, sponsors & activities around Soil-C;

by Michael J. Coren

Betting on the Farm: Can Soil Carbon Cut Emissions and Improve the World's Farmlands?

Soil carbon credits offer the promise of better land management across millions of hectares of farmland, and they are a central focus of the International Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change taking place this week in the Hague. But how does it work, and can carbon markets make it a reality?

http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/article.page.php?page_id=7580&section=news_articles&eod=1

 

 

 

First-Ever African Soil-Carbon Deal Signed at Hague Investment Fair

November 5, 2010 by Admin

THE HAGUE | Netherlands | Small-holder farmers in Kenya are changing their farming practices and earning carbon credits. This is a result of the first soil carbon project approved in Africa, which seeks to improve food security, help address climate change, and improve the lives and livelihoods of rural dwellers who today live in poverty.

http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/article.page.php?page_id=7813&section=news_articles&eod=1

 

 

Large Scale Scenarios;

 

Conservation Agricultural............ (+ Biochar = 100% CO2e Emissions )

"In general, soil carbon sequestration during the first decade of adoption of best conservation agricultural practices is 1.8 tons CO2 per hectare per year. On 5 billion hectares of agricultural land, this could represent one-third of the current annual global emission of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels (i.e., 27 Pg CO2 per year)."

 

http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/doc/CA_SSC_Overview.pdf

 

Add just 1 Ton more of char/Ha (800lb/Ac) and you cover 100% Current Annual Fossil CO2 Emissions.

 

Small Scale,

Hillary Makes a big Announcement with The Global Stove Initiative;

State Dept. Release;

100 million clean-burning stoves in kitchens around the world.

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/09/147494.htm

 

Even BIG AG must be seeing the writing on the wall concerning soil carbon. Particularly since the writing is on the very ivory tower walls of the major Ag universities they fund. Like ISU & U of ll;

This meta-analysis of Syn-N and soil Carbon content incorporating fertilizer studies back to WWII, show our dilemma;

https://www.agronomy.org/publications/jeq/articles/38/6/2295

 

N & P CYCLES TOO;

Whole systems solutions based on building soil carbon take a while to filter through one's mind to see the manifold benefits. The "Eyes Glaze Over" microbial complexity, labile verses recalcitrant carbon, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) etc, all conspire to slow peoples comprehension .

 

Once thought through however, the elemental carbon nature of biochar understood, soil's reduced GHG emissions and the local economic stimulus perceived, then can be added that beyond rectifying the Carbon Cycle, biochar systems serve the same healing function for the Nitrogen & Phosphorous Cycles, Toxicity in Soils & Sediments and cut the carbon foot print of livestock by 1/2 with a 5%Char feed ration.

 

The production of fossil fuel free ammonia & char (SynGest, http://www.syngest.com/ ) and the 52% conservation of NH3 in composting with chars, are just the newest pathways for the highest value use of the fractionation of biomass.

 

The Soil Carbon Standard committee's work with USDA, EPA and Congressional Ag committees offers real hope, with expansion to ISO status, the world can all be on the same soil carbon page.

 

Given the lack of leadership in pricing carbon, companies are taking charge. Look at last weeks news on WalMart's sourcing local produce. Training small farmers etc.

 

The old story of vendors going to Bentonville and beat with rubber hoses for the lowest price has radically changed. Now the rubber hoses are used in the name of energy efficiency and full cradle to cradle life cycle analysis. Their Sustainability Indexing Program will now take that data to formulate true carbon foot print labeling, empowering consumer's choice.

I have joked with their head of sustainability that WalChar would be the first with a carbon negative label.

 

My Dad, a cold warrior, Vietnam battalion commander, gave this short answer when asked about Mutually Assured Destruction or MAD defense policy,

" GIVE ME Liberty or GIVE ME Half-Life "

 

While I envision an offensive policy of Mutually Assured Sustainability (MAS) in a new "Green Cold War" with China. Based on carbon accountancy, the rules are simple; Who ever moves more Carbon from the air to the Soil wins, but so does second place, as third and so on.

 

Since we have filled the air , filling the seas to full, Soil is the Only Beneficial place left.

Carbon to the Soil, the only ubiquitous and economic place to put it.

 

 

Hope this is helpful,

If you want some laughs, (at least they laughed at ISU), use one of my paraphrases from my Carbon Based Religion section, just Google; "Terra Preta Prayer" or "Soil Carbon Dream".

 

Cheers,

Erich

 

Erich J. Knight

Chairman; Markets and Business Review Committee

US BiocharConference, at Iowa State University, June 27-30

http://www.biorenew.iastate.edu/events/biochar2010/conference-agenda/agenda-overview.html

[erich]

When I was researching NPP numbers for plugging into Biochar's climate potential, looking through Dr. Bill Ruddiman's work at UVA on legacy CO2 and the agricultural revolution, lead me to Duane Pendagrass's paper;

Duane's website,

http://www.computare.org/Support%20documents/Publications/Soil%20from%20Oil/Soil%20From%20Oil0001.pdf)

It's support of Lehmann's previous work plus the perspective of palioclimatic effects of soil carbon loss, brought together many loose threads for me.

 

Dr. Dull's recent work brings even more support, related even closer to practices of Terra Preta soils in the Amazon. Published in the "Annals of the Association of American Geographers",

 

The Columbian Encounter and the Little Ice Age: Abrupt Land Use Change, Fire, and Greenhouse Forcing

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/00045608.2010.502432

 

The BC, charcoal & pollen evidence is hard to ignore

 

I'm glad this work by Dr. Dull is getting attention. Together with Dr. William Woods and citing Bill Ruddiman's work, the pieces of anthropogenic climate change fall into place.

 

The implications are really important. Dull, et al, argue that the re-growth of Neotropical forests following the Columbian encounter led to terrestrial biospheric carbon sequestration on the order of 2 to 5 GtC, thereby contributing to the well-documented decrease in atmospheric C recorded in Antarctic ice cores from about 1500 through 1750. While the paper does not extend to the medieval maximum, from charcoal in lake bed studies it documents increased biomass burning and deforestation during agricultural and population expansion in the Neotropics from 2500 to 500 years BP, which would correspond with atmospheric carbon loading and global warming 1100 to 650 years BP.

 

Dr.Dull gives us hard numbers for what Charles Mann has tried to get across to us in "1491", that we don't give mankind near enough credit for creating our biosphere. Just as Michael Pollan's "Botany of Desire" showed us how plants have manipulated us to spread them around the globe, the message of man's mutuality with nature is seeping into the data.

 

The full Paper;

http://westinstenv.org/wp-content/Annals_2010_Dull_et_al.pdf

 

Cheers,

Erich

[erich]

Black Swan of Biochar

 

Short a nano material PV / thermoelectrical / ultracapasitating Black swan, What we can do NOW, what I suggested at the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, to the top three EPA officials of north America,

A Biochar Black Swan.

 

Bellow the opening & closing text. A Report on my talk at CEC, and complete text & links are here:

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/biochar-policy/message/3233

 

The Establishment of Soil Carbon as the Universal Measure of Sustainability

 

The Paleoclimate Record shows agricultural-geo-engineering is responsible for 2/3rds of our excess greenhouse gases. The unintended consequence, the flowering of our civilization. Our science has now realized these consequences and has developed a more encompassing wisdom. Wise land management, afforestation and the thermal conversion of biomass can build back our soil carbon. Pyrolysis, Gasification and Hydro-Thermal Carbonization are known biofuel technologies, What is new are the concomitant benefits of biochars for Soil Carbon Sequestration; building soil biodiversity & nitrogen efficiency, for in situ remediation of toxic agents, and, as a feed supplement cutting the carbon foot print of livestock. Modern systems are closed-loop with no significant emissions. The general life cycle analysis is: every 1 ton of biomass yields 1/3 ton Biochar equal to 1 ton CO2e, plus biofuels equal to 1MWh exported electricity, so each energy cycle is 1/3 carbon negative.

 

Beyond Rectifying the Carbon Cycle;

Biochar systems Integrate nutrient management, serving the same healing function for the Nitrogen and Phosphorous Cycles.

The Agricultural Soil Carbon Sequestration Standards are the royal road for the GHG Mitigation;

 

The Bio-refining components to harvest Carbon;

The photosynthetic "capture" collectors are up and growing all around us, the "storage" sink is in operation just under our feet, conversion reactors are the only infrastructure we need to build out. Carbon, as the center of life, has high value to recapitalize our soils. Yielding nutrient dense foods and Biofuels, Paying Premiums of pollution abatement and toxic remediation and the growing Dividends created by the increasing biomass of a thriving soil community.

[erich]

For anyone interested in, or confused by, Biochar soil technologies, Please view my presentation and slides coming up this week in Sonoma California. This is the third US Biochar conference, after ISU 2010 and Colorado 2000 09.

 

http://www.2012.biochar.us.com/

 

Carbon Conservation for Home, Health, Energy & Climate

 

http://2012.biochar.us.com/322/carbon-conservation-home-health-energy-climate

 

If I May be so bold,… As I speak for Biologic Carbon… I speak for the very center of life itself. We have been burning it for well over one million years, exploiting it out of the soil for 10,000 years, combusting fossil carbon for 150 years.

 

Now, we can grow nano-structured fossil carbons into unprecedented materials and even human tissues. Graphene; a two-dimensional, one-atom-thick membrane in a three-dimensional world, able to sieve water from the seas, Buckminsterfullerene & Nanotubes; for Superconductivity, Solar & Thermo-electric generators.

The Stone Age did not end for a lack of stones, as well, the Combustion Age will not end for lack of fossil fuels. Nanotechnology and Terra Preta Technology has thrust The Diamond Age upon us, with it, the rectification of the Carbon Cycle, this train is leaving the station, either get on board or be left in the combusted soot and CO2 pollution of history!

 

 

Since we have filled the air, filling the seas to full, soil is the only beneficial place left. Carbon to the Soil, the only ubiquitous and economic place to put it.

.

Thank you for your efforts

 

 

Just for Fun.

Ode to Dr. Seuss, "The Lorax", A Paraphrase;

 

"The Charist"

I am the Charist… I speak for the Carbon… I speak for the Trees for the Trees have no tongues

And cannot express... what they do with their Lungs

Fix all the Carbons in Lignins and more… Which we Charistas... can Recalcitrantly Store

Thermal Conversion is what biomass needs… To bring down the World-temps... a couple degrees

It can heat up our Pots… And drive us Alots… With no Ecosystem giving up what it's Gots'

I am the Charist, and I'll YELL and I'll SHOUT for the fine things on earth that are on their way Out!

Externalized Cost I will shout at the most.... For Chars value in soils is easy to boast,

I speak for the Humus, the Wee-Beastie Bugs...for the structure char gives them....They Just Loves'

Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot,.... nothing is going to get better...... It's Not......

 

 

 

Modern Thermal conversion of biomass burns only the hydrocarbons in that biomass, conserving the carbon for the soil. At the large farm or village scale modern pyrolysis reactors can relieve energy poverty, food insecurity and decreased dependency on chemical fertilizers.

 

Please take a look at this YouTube video by the CEO of CoolPlanet Biofuels, guided by Google's Ethos and funding, along with GE, BP and Conoco, they are now building the reactors that convert 1 ton of biomass to 75 gallons of bio – gasoline and 1/3 ton Biochar for soil carbon sequestration.

 

 

Wee-Beastie Real estate, The Rosiest Scenario;

 

Total Biomass Harvest in the US; 1.6 Billion Tons

 

If All was processed by CoolPlanet Biofuels the Yield would be;

 

120 Billion Gallons of tank ready fuel , The US uses 150 Billion gallons per year

 

0.3 Billion Tons of Biochar, with a Surface Area of 600 Square Meters per Gram

One Ton has a surface area of 148,000 Acres! 148,000 Acres is equal to 230 square miles!!

 

300 Million Tons of Biochar equals 69 Billion Square Miles, or 348 times the Entire Surface of the Earth !!!

 

Costs; The field to wheel analysis is $1.20/gallon!

Edited July 26, 2012 by erich