The proton thruster engine

[jerrygg38]

Moderation note: this thread was moved from the Alternative Theories forum because the ideas it presents, while interesting, neither make predictions that can be scientifically tested, and thus constitute a scientific theory, nor are supported by links or references.

 

Let us look into the future where we will have unlimited power for the Earth and the ability to bring a spaceship up to approximately 0.4C. That is about the safe limit of travel because if we go much higher, the distortions within the spaceship will tend to destroy the human body if we use present technology. It may be possible to compensate for the distortions by more advanced technology in the far future. At the present time we are limited by our present technology.

The proton thruster engine converts protons into photons by means of a spherical electromagnetic field which pulsates and concentrates upon a sharp point. Protons at the center point will aborb their binding energy and release photonic energy. As will be calculated shortly, the binding energy of the proton is 3.482MEV while the total photonic energy available from a proton is 938.272MEV. Thus for a small amount of input energy, the photonic converter pushes out approximately 270 times the energy.

Once we accomplish this we can produce spaceships which ride the beam of light. We can have a constant g of 32ft.per sec squared. Initially we will go at 2g to excape the Earth. Then we will reduce to g as soon as we are in the atmosophere. The net result is that we can travel halfway to the moon at standard gravity. Then we can reduce thrust and reverse our seats. Only for less than a minute we will be weightless. Then we will slow at -g.

It will take on 3.5 hours to reach the moon. It will take 2 days and 5 hours to reach Mars or Venus.

To get to pluto we will reach a top speed of 24 million miles per hour. It will take 25.4 days to get there. At the high speeds, we must provide a protective shield in front of the spaceship to destroy any rocks or particles in our way.

The proton thruster engine can be used to produce heat and electricity for life on Earth. It will eliminate the need for oil or coal for fuel. Thus it will aid in the recovery of the Earth's greenhouse problems. It will take about a $10 billion dollar program to build the first proton/proton converter. Thereafter it will only cost about 10 million dollars per unit.

The output beam is dangerous if you stand behind it. It will pump out a lot of photonic energy with X-rays and the like. When the engine is shut off, it is perfectly safe. The fuel is non-radioactive. It could be water, carbon, iron, or lead. Any thing that will be stable enough at the center of the field.

The project will probably take several years to produce the perfected engine. The problem with present technology is that they accelerate protons to the speed of light instead of merely adding the binding energy to release the photonic energy.

The calculations will be shown later in this thread. For the moment this is an introduction. All the calculations use the Einsteinian mass/energy formulas and the Bohr model of the atom. The dot-wave theory is not used as only standard physics are necessary to understand the binding energy of the proton.

[Moontanman]

Let us look into the future where we will have unlimited power for the Earth and the ability to bring a spaceship up to approximately 0.4C. That is about the safe limit of travel because if we go much higher, the distortions within the spaceship will tend to destroy the human body if we use present technology. It may be possible to compensate for the distortions by more advanced technology in the far future. At the present time we are limited by our present technology.

 

Why would travel at more .4 C distort the space ship and destroy the human body?

 

 

The proton thruster engine converts protons into photons by means of a spherical electromagnetic field which pulsates and concentrates upon a sharp point. Protons at the center point will aborb their binding energy and release photonic energy. As will be calculated shortly, the binding energy of the proton is 3.482MEV while the total photonic energy available from a proton is 938.272MEV. Thus for a small amount of input energy, the photonic converter pushes out approximately 270 times the energy.

 

This sounds exciting, can you show how this is done? Converting protons into energy would be the holy grail of energy. Have you made this spherical electromagnetic field?

 

 

Once we accomplish this we can produce spaceships which ride the beam of light. We can have a constant g of 32ft.per sec squared. Initially we will go at 2g to excape the Earth. Then we will reduce to g as soon as we are in the atmosophere. The net result is that we can travel halfway to the moon at standard gravity. Then we can reduce thrust and reverse our seats. Only for less than a minute we will be weightless. Then we will slow at -g.

 

Can you show how this will be accomplished?

 

 

It will take on 3.5 hours to reach the moon. It will take 2 days and 5 hours to reach Mars or Venus.

To get to pluto we will reach a top speed of 24 million miles per hour. It will take 25.4 days to get there. At the high speeds, we must provide a protective shield in front of the spaceship to destroy any rocks or particles in our way.

The proton thruster engine can be used to produce heat and electricity for life on Earth. It will eliminate the need for oil or coal for fuel. Thus it will aid in the recovery of the Earth's greenhouse problems. It will take about a $10 billion dollar program to build the first proton/proton converter. Thereafter it will only cost about 10 million dollars per unit.

The output beam is dangerous if you stand behind it. It will pump out a lot of photonic energy with X-rays and the like. When the engine is shut off, it is perfectly safe. The fuel is non-radioactive. It could be water, carbon, iron, or lead. Any thing that will be stable enough at the center of the field.

The project will probably take several years to produce the perfected engine. The problem with present technology is that they accelerate protons to the speed of light instead of merely adding the binding energy to release the photonic energy.

 

How far along are you now?

 

The calculations will be shown later in this thread. For the moment this is an introduction. All the calculations use the Einsteinian mass/energy formulas and the Bohr model of the atom. The dot-wave theory is not used as only standard physics are necessary to understand the binding energy of the proton.

 

Hasn't the dot/wave theory been shown to be completely unsupportable many times already?

[jerrygg38]

Why would travel at more .4 C distort the space ship and destroy the human body?

 

There are two possible solutions for the variation of length with velocity. One is the standard Einsteinian equations and one is modeled after Doppler Radar equations. The military prefers to use the Einsteinian equations with Doppler Radar correction. I cannot put a reference on these equation because they are part of the secret library. I really do not understand why this is so!

The way I see it, space and time are non-linear. This means from an Engineering perspective we use describing functions. When you study magnetic circuits describing functions are used to produce the best fit answer. I do not know if any of you have seen describing function equations. A long time ago they taught vacuum tubes at Polytechnic brooklyn. The non-linear solutions were converted into describing functions.

In this light from an engineering approach, the best fit to non-linear space time is the Einsteinian solution for orbital motion. The alternate solution for mass from a simple Doppler Perspective is

 

M(f) = Mo C/ (C-V)

M® = Mo C m(C+V)

The geometric mean calculates to be

 

Mx = Mo / [1-(V/C)^2] ^0.5

 

The first equation is the mass in the forward direction as a simplification of the more complex Einsteinian times Doppler corrections.

The second equation is the mass in the rearward direction as a simplification of the more complex Einsteianian time Doppler Corrections.

 

The third equation is the root mean square Doppler which is the Einsteinian.

 

Which is the best fit to the non-linear equation? I prefer the above. The real answer is very complex. You need a fourier series to approximate the real answer.

 

Now let us look at the Doppler length to the front and the rear.

 

The Einsteinian soluton is:

 

Lxg = Lo [1-(V/C)^2] ^0.5 (4-18)

 

In equation 4-18 the gravitational length as per Einstein for orbital motion shrinks as we move higher up. Alternatively Einstein felt that space shrunk. Thus the high speed particles arrive upon the Earth in a shortened distance so that they survive the trip. (I assume everyone is familiar with that)

 

Let us now look at the inertial length of the object. The Doppler length in the forward direction is:

 

Doppler front = Lxg [C/(C-V)

the Doppler length in the rear is

 

Doppler rear = Lxg [C/(C+V)

 

These are my simplified equations. Other people have produced very complex equations. From an Engineering viewpoint the simplified equations are sufficient to build things. The more complex equations are classified for some strange reason and from an Engineering perspective they are much too complicated to discuss. (They are beyond my math abilities)

 

Let us now make a chart of V/C verses the Einsteinian gravitational length and the Doppler length to the front and the rear.

 

V/C Grav. Length Doppler Length rear Grav Length front

 

0 1.0 1.0 1.0

0.1C 0.994987 0.90434 1.10554

0.2C 0.979796 0.816497 1.22475

0.5C 0.866025 0.577350 1.7321

0.99999C 0.004472 0.002236 447.2

 

Although the gravitational length of the object shrink, the inertial length increases radically. At 0.5C, the distortions are so great that how can anyone survive? Notice at clost to the speed of light, the Doppler length in the front is extremely large while the gravitational length is very small. This insures that the effect of an object arrives before the object and is one reason for the double slit experiment results.

 

It might be possible to overcome this in the far future but right now we are limited to less than 0.4C. O.1C is really safe. 0.2C stresses the human body. It may be possible to go to 0.4C. We will have to try it on animal life or bacteria life first. Why make the animals suffer? Use the roach!

 

I will answer the rest in a separate post because things get messed up if I make things too long.

 

 

 

 

This sounds exciting, can you show how this is done? Converting protons into energy would be the holy grail of energy. Have you made this spherical electromagnetic field?

 

 

 

 

Can you show how this will be accomplished?

 

 

 

 

How far along are you now?

 

 

 

Hasn't the dot/wave theory been shown to be completely unsupportable many times already?

 

To be continued.

[jerrygg38]

Why would travel at more .4 C distort the space ship and destroy the human body?

 

 

 

 

This sounds exciting, can you show how this is done? Converting protons into energy would be the holy grail of energy. Have you made this spherical electromagnetic field?

 

 

 

Can you show how this will be accomplished?

 

 

 

 

How far along are you now?

 

 

 

Hasn't the dot/wave theory been shown to be completely unsupportable many times already?

 

I work on theory. I have no ability to produce anything physical. If the government gave me $10 billion dollars I could produce a team effort to produce the first proton-photon converter. It would take a team effort several years like the atom bomb effort. My ex boss at Con Edison (Eddie Ebert) was the chief power electrical engineer on that project) that was a great effort.

 

As far as making a spherical field is concerned. No I have made nothing. The only interesting field at Sperry was the ring lazer gyro which I did a little work on. It was a team effort and I only had a small task. To build the spherical field you need electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, physicists, project managers, etc... Hundreds of people are necessary for this task. It is not something I could build in my garage. (Now I do not even have a garage) I only have a 10x10 shed.

 

How we could switch the seats? They could just be switched like train seats. When you reverse the thrust you switch the seats.

 

How far along? Right now I just got to promote my ideas. The present Dot-wave theory as such is only 3 months old.

 

As far as Dot-wave being unsupportable, that depends upon the reader. some people like my work others dont. It takes awhile for responses. so far only two institutions have agreed to review it. However some professors liked my Doppler Space Time and I await their responses. I still haven't sent the manuscript to many countries.

[Moontanman]

I am under the impression that the distortion of High "C" travel would not be apparent to anyone on board the space ship. Only to those watching from the outside. to anyone on board the space craft it would be the universe outside that was distorted.

[jerrygg38]

I am under the impression that the distortion of High "C" travel would not be apparent to anyone on board the space ship. Only to those watching from the outside. to anyone on board the space craft it would be the universe outside that was distorted.

 

 

 

JG: Good point! The eye would be as distorted as the spaceship. The outside world in the forward direction would be blue shifted to the eye. It would be red in the rear. (I haven't even thought about how a planet in the distance would look.) I have been mostly looking from outside in. (My outside is a infinite light speed plane of reference as I believe that we coexist with hundreds of light speed dimensions from light speed zero to light speed infinity.)

 

In any event protons, neutrons, and electrons can go upward toward light speed C. The internal clocks of these partciles slow. Thus the workings of the bodies on the spacecraft will be distorted as viewed from the outside reference plane. the heart will slow as their bodies are stretched out. The blood pressure will fall. All the physical reactions will slow as well. Can we survive it? We can be frozen rapidly and then live after being warmed up due to our polar bear shut down reaction.

The only thing future man can do is test the limits. I feel that 0.4C is reasonably safe. I may be wrong. We may be able to go faster as the body goes into a survival mode which we have no knowledge of today.

[Moontanman]

 

 

 

JG: Good point! The eye would be as distorted as the spaceship. The outside world in the forward direction would be blue shifted to the eye. It would be red in the rear. (I haven't even thought about how a planet in the distance would look.) I have been mostly looking from outside in. (My outside is a infinite light speed plane of reference as I believe that we coexist with hundreds of light speed dimensions from light speed zero to light speed infinity.)

 

In any event protons, neutrons, and electrons can go upward toward light speed C. The internal clocks of these partciles slow. Thus the workings of the bodies on the spacecraft will be distorted as viewed from the outside reference plane. the heart will slow as their bodies are stretched out. The blood pressure will fall. All the physical reactions will slow as well. Can we survive it? We can be frozen rapidly and then live after being warmed up due to our polar bear shut down reaction.

The only thing future man can do is test the limits. I feel that 0.4C is reasonably safe. I may be wrong. We may be able to go faster as the body goes into a survival mode which we have no knowledge of today.

 

Any and all effects are from the stand point of the outside observer, the dude in the space ship notices nothing different in him self. even the chemical reactions in his body slow, down, his thoughts slow down, he would sail along the closer you get to "C" ever slower, more compressed in the direction of his motion yet to him the space ship, and all with in are the same because his sensory organs are part of the distortion and never be damaged in any way. all would appear normal to him. At his closest approach to "C" he would be virtually stopped from the stand point of an outside observer but to him all would be well and good.

[jerrygg38]

any and all effects are from the stand point of the outside observer, the dude in the space ship notices nothing different in him self. Even the chemical reactions in his body slow, down, his thoughts slow down, he would sail along the closer you get to "c" ever slower, more compressed in the direction of his motion yet to him the space ship, and all with in are the same because his sensory organs are part of the distortion and never be damaged in any way. All would appear normal to him. At his closest approach to "c" he would be virtually stopped from the stand point of an outside observer but to him all would be well and good.

 

jg: I do not agree that special relativity is correct. It is my theory that we have a true reference plane composed of higher light speed universes. Thus our universe exists in relationship to an absolute ruler and clock.

Einstein's equations are excellent for orbital motion. The test results show Einstein's equations to be quite accurate. There has never been a test of Einsteinian linear space time. The measurement of light never was in realtionship to a linear measurement. it was always a back and forth and perpendicular measurement.

Therefore from my point of view, the spaceship will distort relative to an absolute reference frame, the human eye will distort as well. The person body will slow and his heart will slow. At a certain velocity the person will die.

[Moontanman]

jg: I do not agree that special relativity is correct. It is my theory that we have a true reference plane composed of higher light speed universes. Thus our universe exists in relationship to an absolute ruler and clock.

Einstein's equations are excellent for orbital motion. The test results show Einstein's equations to be quite accurate. There has never been a test of Einsteinian linear space time. The measurement of light never was in realtionship to a linear measurement. it was always a back and forth and perpendicular measurement.

Therefore from my point of view, the spaceship will distort relative to an absolute reference frame, the human eye will distort as well. The person body will slow and his heart will slow. At a certain velocity the person will die.

 

Do you have any evidence to support your refutation of Einstein? You shouldn't make such statements with out some evidence to back them up.

 

If indeed everything is distorted at close to "C" why would death occur? His heart slows yes but so does the need for oxygen and all the processes slow as well in the same relationship to each other. From his perspective nothing has changed.

[TheBigDog]

I am not so interested in the notion of the distortion past .4c as I am in the viability of the engine. Can anyone shed any light of mathematics on this?

 

Bill

[jerrygg38]

do you have any evidence to support your refutation of einstein? You shouldn't make such statements with out some evidence to back them up.

 

If indeed everything is distorted at close to "c" why would death occur? His heart slows yes but so does the need for oxygen and all the processes slow as well in the same relationship to each other. From his perspective nothing has changed.

 

 

jg: Everyone is familiar with the clock paradox. That does not work. I am happy with Einsteins formula and results for orbital motion. His orbital mass increase is excellent. We do not have linear data. The linear solution produces the clock paradox and therefore Einsteins formulas are wrong for linear motion. For orbital motion, Einsteins formula is the best fit for a non-linear problem.

People have been on both sides of the fence with Einstein for 100 years. I assume you have seen both sides of the arguments which go on forever.

 

As far as a person dying when his body becomes severely distorted, it must be kept in mind that when we accelerate things up to the speed of light, we only accelerate protons and electrons. During high speed collisions we can get the neutrons close to lightspeed as well. These are small particles.

Our bodies are large scale things. If we could get our bodies up to near light speed, there would be nothing to hold us together. We are built for slow speeds. However in the future it will be interesting how fast we can go before death.

[modest]

By what mechanism and via what physics exactly do you intend on converting protons to photons?

 

~modest

[jerrygg38]

By what mechanism and via what physics exactly do you intend on converting protons to photons?

 

~modest

 

JG: It has been a busy weekend for me. Tomorrow morning I will post the theory and equations using the Einsteinian energy within the proton. The binding energy will be calculated to be 3.4MEV and the output energy equal to the energy of the proton itself. Thus a small amount of electromagnetic energy will produce huge amounts of photonic energy as will be explained tomorrow.

[CraigD]

The proton thruster engine converts protons into photons by means of a spherical electromagnetic field which pulsates and concentrates upon a sharp point. Protons at the center point will aborb their binding energy and release photonic energy. As will be calculated shortly, the binding energy of the proton is 3.482MEV while the total photonic energy available from a proton is 938.272MEV.

In the context of nucleons – protons and neutrons - the term “binding energy” refers to the differences in mass of different nuclei when vs. the mass of their constituent protons and neutrons. This difference in mass explains why nuclear fission, fusion, and radioactive decay produce energy.

 

The energy that confines (the term “binds” is rarely used in this context) the 3 quarks of a single proton is primarily in the relativistic mass of its many gluons, which carry their color charge. Most of the energy of a proton is composed of these gluons – its quarks have a mass-energy of about 6.5 to 12.6 MeV, about 0.7 to 1.3% of its total mass energy of about 938.27 MeV.

 

Gluons also interact with quarks in different protons to binding them together in nuclei. The bind energy is composed primarily of gluons. As a force, this interaction is termed the strong nuclear force.

Thus for a small amount of input energy, the photonic converter pushes out approximately 270 times the energy.

This is not true. To convert the entire mass of a proton – its roughly 938.272 MeV – into energy in the form of photons or any other form, it must be completely annihilated. This can’t be done by adding energy to it equivalent to some nucleus’s binding enery, only by colliding it with its antiparticle.

 

What JG describes disagrees with best current theory, and is unsupported by experimental data. In classical terms, he describes a perpetual motion machine – a system where the total mass-energy output exceeds the mass-energy input. By all accepted theory, perpetual motion machines are not possible. :thumbs_do

In any event protons, neutrons, and electrons can go upward toward light speed C. The internal clocks of these partciles slow. Thus the workings of the bodies on the spacecraft will be distorted as viewed from the outside reference plane. the heart will slow as their bodies are stretched out. The blood pressure will fall. All the physical reactions will slow as well. Can we survive it? We can be frozen rapidly and then live after being warmed up due to our polar bear shut down reaction.

This badly incorrectly describes the theory of relativity.

 

One of the two postulates of special relativity is that the laws of physics – all of them – do not change in a system (known as an inertial frame) in uniform motion, regardless of its velocity relative to some other inertial frame. Thus, a human – or any other physical thing - being subject to time dilation relative to some observer would not experience any measurable difference from one in another inertial frame. They would not experience low blood pressure, hypothermia, or any other disorder or stress.

 

There are hazards associated with traveling through outer space at high speeds, but these are not due to relativistic time dilation, but due to high speed collisions with the interplanetary and interstellar medium. 0.4 c is a much higher speed relative to these media (in comparison, the average speed of the interplanetary medium, or solar wind, is about 0.0013 c) than experienced by present-day spacecraft. It results in a braking energy for hydrogen nuclei (protons) of [imath]m_{\mbox{proton}} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-0.4^2}} -1 \right) \dot= 938.272 \cdot 0.0050378 \dot= 86 \,\mbox{MeV/c}^2[/imath], high enough to cause nuclear chain reactions in impacted material, and present a serious shielding and cooling problem.

 

Engineering challenges such as the above make strong arguments that space travel at speeds of more than a few percent the speed of light may be very difficult. These difficulties are, however, engineering problems, not due to fundamental physics.

[jerrygg38]

Proton Thruster Engine-theory

 

Let us look at the binding energy within the proton using the Einsteinian energy of the electron as it enters the neutron as the basis for the speed of a sub-particle as it becomes part of the nucleus. The proton came into existence at the time of big bang when the energy levels were much higher and everything in the universe was close to or at the speed of light. Thus the proton is photonic energy which was compressed into configurations of mass.

If we can pinpoint an electromagnetic field to the approximate size of the proton, this will cause enough energy to enter the proton. The net result will be the destruction of the proton and the release of this photonic energy. Thus the stored energy of the proton can readily be converted into photons.

 

First let us look at the Einsteinian energy of the Neutron. The electron prefers the Bohr orbit. This is a stable state. If we add additional energy to the electron, we will bring it toward the proton where it will merge into the proton to form the hydrogen atom. In the process, the electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy. The attraction of the plus Q charge of the proton to the minus Q charge of the electron becomes pure mechanical energy as the charge of the neutron becomes zero. For the calculations, the wavelength of the neutron will be considered its radius. Thus the neutron is a perfect oscillating sphere. In another section we will look at the pi-mesons and u-mesons. First let us look at the start of the proton thruster theory.

 

 

In my manuscript “Dot-Wave Unified Field theory” I have calculated these things as follows:

 

 

 

 

SECTION 3-1 THE EINSTEINIAN ENERGY OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM

 

Let us calculate the Einsteinian energy of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom. We know the answer to be 13.58 electron volts. We also know that the orbit velocity should be approximately C/137. This means the electron makes 137 revolutions around the proton per cycle.

 

The difference in mass/energy between of the electron’s rest mass and the electron’s Einsteinian orbital mass is the ionization energy of the electron in the Bohr orbit. For C/137 we get:

 

M = Mo/ ( 1- (V/C)^0.5 ) (3-2)

 

where:

 

Mo = 0.510999 MEV (3-3)

 

For V = C/137 , the Einsteinian correction factor is 0.999732. Therefore

 

M = 0.51099900/ 0.99997336 = 0.51101261 MEV (3-4)

 

The differential mass/energy is:

 

Delta mass = 13.61 electron volts (3-5)

 

If we used the speed of C / 137.036 we get

 

Delta mass = 13.606 MEV (3-6)

 

From equation 5-5 we see that the measured 13.58 electron volt binding energy of the Bohr atom is equal to the Einsteinian mass difference at a speed of C/137.036. Thus the inverse fine constant provides us with the orbital speed of the first level of the Bohr atom.

 

SECTION 3-2: ELECTRON’S EINSTEINIAN ENERGY WITHIN THE NEUTRON

 

We know that the neutron has a mass increase over the proton and electron attributed to the neutrino. However the mass increase is the Einsteinian increase of the electron as it moves toward the proton driven by the electrical coulomb attraction. To within the small additional energy of the neutrino, the neutron and the proton and electron have identical energy. Thus electrical energy is converted into mass by the neutron.

 

Once we bring the electron down to the neutron radius, the electron merges into the neutron and the plus and minus dots of the proton and the electron are converted into bipolar dots. Only a small amount of photon energy is required to convert the plus and minus dots into bipolar dots. Thus the neutrino is a photonic binding energy which holds the plus and minus dots together.

 

Therefore the electron no longer exists as an electron within the neutron. It merely becomes more bipolar dots. Of course within the neutron there still are a lot of other things happening, which give it different characteristics. First let us calculate the Einsteinian energy of an electron reaching the proton and merging into it at the neutron radius.

 

The mass of the neutron is 939.565 MEV, the mass of the proton is 938.272 MEV, and the mass of the electron is 0.510999 MEV as shown on page 47 of Doppler Space Time. The differential mass energy is:

 

Delta mass/energy = 0.782001 MEV (3-7)

 

The total electron mass/energy as we reach the neutron’s radius is the sum of the electron mass plus the Einsteinian delta mass:

 

Mass total = 1.29300 MEV (3-8)

 

The electron’s mass energy as it temporarily orbits at the neutron radius equals 1.29300 MEV.

 

The ratio of the mass of the electron in neutron’s orbit to the electron is:

 

Me (neutron orbit) / Me = 2.530338 (3-9)

 

The orbital Einsteinian equation for the Bohr orbit is:

 

(V2 ) / ( 1- (V/C)^0.5 )^0.5 = K QQ / Me R (3-10)

 

In equation 3-10, the electrical force between two opposite charges equals the orbital force of the Einsteinian mass of the electron.

 

Without a computer program, it is necessary to chart values of V/C until we get the proper mass. By successive approximation, the best numerical answer to the velocity within 4 decimal places is:

 

V/C = 0.9186 (3-11)

 

Me/Me(o) = 2.53043 (3-12)

 

R = 1.3195698E-15 (3-13)

 

Me = 1.293 MEV (3-14)

 

This shows that the electron reaches a speed of 0.9186C prior to being absorbed by the proton. The wavelength of the neutron is:

 

λn = 1.31959E-15 (3-15)

 

Therefore the neutron appears as a perfectly round sphere. The neutrino is identical with the Einsteinian mass increase minus the electrical energy converted into velocity by the electrical field. This will be calculated in the next section.

 

We see that the ionization energy of the Bohr orbit at C/137.036 and the differential mass for the Neutron orbit at 0.9186C are both Einsteinian orbital velocity mass increases. The external electron gains mass when it reaches the lowest Bohr orbit. Then the electron gains more mass when it enters the proton.

 

From this analysis we find that the neutron is merely a sister form of the hydrogen atom. To within a small amount of energy, the neutron has a dual identity. It is the hydrogen atom in another form. Only a small amount of outside photonic energy is required for the transition. However when the neutron atom is alone in space, it becomes the hydrogen atom with the release of photonic energy. The hydrogen atom has less mass than the neutron. Thus in free space, a substance will seek the lowest form of mass. It was thought that the substance will seek the lowest form of energy. However it is really that the gravitational mass is minimized. Thus the mass law is as follows:

 

Mass Law: Unless operated upon by other forces a particle will seek the lowest gravitational mass for its form. In the case of the neutron, the particle will form the hydrogen atom.

 

 

 

 

SECTION 3-3: THE CONVERSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO MASS

 

The hydrogen atom converts electrical energy to mass. Let us look at the amount of electrical energy given up as we move from the hydrogen atom to the neutron.

 

The electrical energy converted to mechanical energy by an electrical field is given by the coulomb equation:

 

E = [integral] KQQ/RR d(s) = KQQ/R (3-16)

 

In electron volts, the energy is:

 

E = KQ/R (3-17)

 

Using the radius of the neutron to be 1.31959E-15, the electrical energy of the proton/electron converted to mechanical energy is:

 

E = 1.09122 MEV (3-18)

 

The mass of the neutrino is the Einsteinian mass minus the electrical mass. Thus:

 

M(neutrino) = 1.293MEV – 1.09122MEV = 0.20178 MEV (3-19)

 

Therefore the neutrino only has a mass of 0.2MEV which is about 2/5 times the mass of the electron.