The Cosmos Cannot Be Other Than It Is

[Sci]

I will be showing that the Cosmos has to exist and also that it cannot be other than it is. There will be many areas covered.

[Sci]

Atoms can only be the size that they are:

 

The Orbiting Electron

 

There is no Rutherford catastrophe of the lowest (ground-state) orbiting the nucleus in an atom losing energy by emitting a photon and then crashing everything because this process is not instant but takes an interval, and this interval of time is not long enough for what it takes to emit the photon.

 

Is an electron associated with an atomic core a kind of nebulous probability cloud that exists everywhere yet nowhere or does it really just zip around the core really fast? We can look at the history of this idea.

 

We aren’t worried about the part of quantum physics having to do with energy quantization, but more about the curious wave nature of atoms and particles, and whether cosmic dice really roll to rule what the universe does.

 

Since the electrostatic attraction between charged particles has a distance/strength relationship, electrons were originally thought to orbit atomic nuclei—an idea that became known as the Rutherford atom. However, if accelerating electrons emit photons, as seen, for example, as like energy released by radio antennas when subjected to varying electric fields, then how can electrons accelerate around the positive nuclei of atoms with no attendant energy loss? This became known as the Rutherford catastrophe, bringing about the birth of quantum mechanics.

 

The simple answer about the electron’s orbital stability is that a certain amount of time is required for photon emission. Thus, charged particles like electrons emit photons when accelerated if and only if the period of time over their net acceleration occurs is longer than the time necessary to emit the photon relative to their net change in momentum.

 

So, then, an atom greatly differs from a radio antenna (and from a solar system, which employs gravity). Photons are not emitted at some instant of time and so are not related to acceleration at some instant of time, for the electron’s acceleration and photon emission are the result of an interval of time.

 

The only state where kinetic energy is less than the minimum photon release energy is the ground state by a factor of two (orbital n=1). At n=2, the two energy levels are equal. All levels but the ground state can decay into a lower energy level. This is why atoms have the size they do; their electromagnetic stability is purely a matter of scale. Physicists in Germany and Austria were recently able to use extreme ultraviolet light to calculate hydrogen’s ground-state orbital period at 1.5(10)[-16] seconds.

 

So, electrons are real and can orbit nuclei. No abrupt departure from reality is necessary. The Rutherford catastrophe is avoided. More so, if electrons don’t orbit atomic nuclei, then why is the magnetic moment of hydrogen’s ground-state electron so astonishingly close to the value an orbiting particle would have?

 

To get around this it had to be postulated in another level of abstraction that electrons spin about their own tiny axis; however, these moments have never been observed. Simply, the ground-state of an electron orbit occurs at a size too small to allow sufficient time for the emission of electronic radiation.

 

The size of an atom is fixed to what it is for it to be stable.

 

Formulas:

 

By Heisenberg,

 

Delta_energy(e) delta_time(t) >= h/2,

 

Which even shows energy occurring over a time interval.

 

By Bohr:

 

Bohr radii® = (state(n)^2 * h^2 *epsilon(e)) / (pi * m * q^2)

 

Velocity(v) of electron = q^2 / 2* n* h*e

 

Orbit time = 2 pi r

 

Combining…

 

T = 4n^3h^3e^2 / mq^4 = 1.5(10)[-16] seconds

 

Also

 

Release energy(e) = h/t = mq^4 / 4n^3h^2e^2

 

Electron kinetic energy e = mq^4 / 8n^2h^2e^2

 

So, ratio of kinetic energy to minimum release energy =

 

= a math reduction = 1/2 * n

 

(n=1 is the ground-state orbital)

 

 

No quantum reality mysticism of suppressed hysteria of delirium is required. Hazy, magical science areas are disappearing, one by one, although that is an aside to showing that the Cosmos cannot be other than it is.

[Sci]

OK, previously we saw that ground-state electrons orbit nuclei in less time than it takes to release a photon corresponding to their available kinetic energy and so this makes for the size of a workable atom.

 

There is much more to come that has to be and can be no other way, but what does it all imply, in toto? There is one and only one reason for the Cosmos, which we will get down to in its very essence later on.

 

 

Space and energy must exist together, and only these two in only one way:

 

Space and energy have a codependent existence, as energy occupies space, both space and energy necessarily having three dimensions, although one of energy’s dimensions is of the only other type: time, as energy’s dimensions are time*distance^2, while space’s dimensions are distance^3. No other cubic is possible.

 

For energy’s dimensions of time*distance^2, think of energy radiating as the square of the distance over time—in that similar kind of picture often shown that shows a square 2D cross-section slice of radiating energy getting larger and larger through time.

 

It is also, again, that 4D spacetime can only have two unique 3D infinitely large cubics, as there is only one ‘time’ dimension and three equivalent ‘distance’ dimensions. Space and time are thus a necessity as distance^3 and time*distance^2 and this could be no other way. To complete this, we will later show that only four dimensions are possible. And of course there can be only two phenomenologically distinct substances, space and energy.

 

Energy is distributed into space at a certain, finite, average energy density, and this is also what requires energy and space to possess a comparable number of dimensions. It is also that for energy density to make sense that energy has to be a three-dimensional substance.

 

Light’s motion through space is an utterly explicit demonstration of the dimension energy has and space lacks!

 

Symmetry requires space and energy to exist in equal universal quantities, and they must exist everywhere. Call it infinite. It is not unexpected that the All would not be the All at all if it had a boundary. There is no choice in this.

 

The product of energy (time*distance^2) and motion(distance/time) is space, a volume (distance^3). The only way energy can exist as additional volume in space is by a certain density of time per distance—the units of energy density. Energy density is circumstantial (variable), while the amount of space in energy is existential.

 

Energy/space = average energy density = 1 (unity), in existentially correct universal units. The universal ratio is finite because both are 3D quantities. Only time sets space and energy apart.

 

There can be only two fundamental units of measurement: distance and time. We will see later on why our dimensional realm is of the only dimensionality that is possible.

 

Empty space, if it could be, which it can’t, would have no energy, but this is more like the nonexistence of energy if you want to picture it; however, one cannot exist without the other and so there is no empty space possible anywhere. While nothingness is the absence of all things, space is the lack of something, and that something is energy, as we also see by observation. There’s a bit more to it, of why, which I will get to soon, but for now it is that this conjoining could be no other way at all.

 

Space cannot exist in the absence of energy. Space is charged with fields, converting one of its dimensions to time, that which is used in energy. Energy moves and has polar fields because time is an essential component of its geometry. Time is a spacial difference, which we will get to later, but spacial difference is kind of a distance, too, a 4th dimensional one, but is unlike 3D distance, for time is a closure dimension that bounds rather than extends space; it is a difference dimension. There are only two directions along this “time” axis, positive and negative, called that for connivence, but they are indeed opposite.

 

We cannot find ‘nothing’—a lack of anything—anywhere that we look, for there is field everywhere, even in the mostly empty vacuum and the space within atoms. A huge metal cylinder was drained of “everything” in it, and yet something still arose, documented somewhere in this interesting video series called Everything and Nothing:

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaEBM5ILXKQ&feature=related

 

In short, which we will expand on later, the cosmos could not exist in the absence of charged space, and charged space cannot exist in the absence of energy, for space needs the electric fields in order to nullify the baseline reference of its reference frame. So, while matter requires the existence of antimatter to balance within nothingness, space needs both to cancel the magnitude of its own closure.

 

We will see that motion is the one-dimensional relationship between energy and space, which is also what the speed of light represents in a pristine form. Space is associated with neutral extent while energy is associated with fourth-dimensional displacement and polarity. This existential balance between space and energy must correspond to an infinite quantity of energy (spread in infinite space).

 

Absolute space exists, and it must, it being the universal state of zero momentum and minimum energy, and Earth is moving through it at an approximate speed of 370 km/s toward the constellation Crater. This we know from COBE and WMAP, utilizing the CMB as being extremely close to being a rest frame. Space’s quantity is volume. Absolute space also must exist physically (if not materially) by virtue of its volume as well as dynamically as a zero point of net universal momentum. Space is real, as well as are matter particles and the energy particle. Reality is not abandoned at all, although some contemporary physicists may wish to.

 

Absolute space means absolute motion, which in turn means an absolute value for the speed of light. We will get into this another time, about how there can be one and only one speed of light.

[Sci]

The speed of light can only be what it is

 

‘c’ is fixed because it is the linear dimensional ratio equivalent of distance to time, of which there can only be one, making it not a physical constant, per say. ‘c’ is the speed limit in free space, and space can never be free of field so the actual speed will ever be somewhat less than ‘c’.

 

A pristine example is the ratio of space to energy:

 

distance^3 / time*distance^2 = distance/time

 

Motion is the one-dimensional relationship between energy and space.

Another derivation is the conversion factor ratio of the external 4D hypercube to the internal representation of spacetime, which we will get into later:

 

distance^4 / (time*distance^3) = distance/time

 

 

Quanta size is fixed

 

The product of a photon’s energy and wavelength (E*Lambda) is proportional to Planck’s constant times the speed of light (hc), and either one divided by average energy density serves to define the cosmos’ four-dimensional size, which is unit hypervolume, and so quantal size is caused by it, there again being no other option for quantization size. The cosmos is granular at a certain scale midway between infinite largeness and infinite smallness.

[Sci]

Hypervolume

 

In the overview, externally, there is only distance^4, 4D space of quadric distance, while here, internally, there is 3D space and time, which are not so separate, but unified into space-time. ‘c’ (distance/time) is the conversion factor from the hypervolume to spacetime:

 

Distance^4 = distance/time * (time)(distance^3)

 

The hypercube has a constant, finite, four-dimensional size, and this is the boundary condition for energy quantization, called unit hypervolume, as shown in this reduction of dimensional units for the hc over energy density…

 

hc / EnergyDensity [ED] = (in dimensional units) =

 

( Energy*time [h] * distance/time [c] ) / ( Energy/distance^3 [ED] ) =

 

Energy*distance^4 / Energy = distance^4 = unit hypervolume!

 

Planck’s constant is four-dimensional, as Energy*time

 

Just as Planck’s constant is the four-dimensional quantization of photons, elementary charge is the four-dimensional quantization of particles. Photons are the encapsulation of time by space; particle fields are the encapsulation of space by time.

 

The finite 4D hypercube idea became since an infinite space of N dimensions has a finite size in N+1 dimensions that it can contain and bound. Infinite three-dimensional spacetime thus corresponds to finite four-dimensional space. This finite four-dimensional constant is what Planck’s constant is. Since unit hypervolume is a four-dimensional finite, it represents the one and only bounding condition for anything, in particular the quantization of energy, just as would be expected of the hypervolume of the cosmos.

 

This is also why Planck’s constant is four-dimensional, too, as it has units of J-m, and why it is associated with the quantization of energy. Joules, as energy, is three-dimensional, and meters are one dimensional, for a total of four dimensions. Planck’s constant isn’t exactly equal to hyperspace’s four-dimensional size, as the proportionality factor for photon scaling is 2 Pi. Planck’s constant is and must be four-dimensional because energy is three-dimensional. It can only be what it is.

 

To visualize the finite 4D hypercube, take the three-dimensional space of the universe, divide it into innumerable finite cubes, and lay these onto each other, infinitely close together, along the fourth dimension. Or, but sightly differently, perhaps, use the infinite slices of Einstein’s 4D block universe.

 

An analogy in 1D to 2D is to cut up an infinite line into segments which can then be aligned into a finite plane.

 

For 0D to 1D, align infinite points into a line. The line is finite since it can be neither zero nor infinite, which is why we arrive at infinity times zero = one.

 

For 2D to 3D, stack an infinite number of planes into a cube.

 

These resultant sizes must be finite, as the result must be greater than zero but less than infinity. Infinity*0=1.

[Sci]

Action at a Distance

 

Matter and its fields form a continuum and cannot be separated. There is no exchange of intermediate virtual carriers, for the agents are inscrutable. The only energy going into reactions is what was present in the particles in the first place—the rest energy. This is an inevitable consequence of energy conservation. The is why a hydrogen atom’s mass is sightly less than the sum of the masses of an isolated electron and proton. There is no electrostatic potential energy involved. Matter is not distinct from the fields it generates. The energy of a particle’s rest mass is distributed though space. When two particles interact at a distance it is because bit of energy of the energy density of the respective rest masses coexist there. The wave functions used to describe atomic energy levels in quantum physics are a glimpse of energy’s distributed composition. It is coming full circle that physicists wish to reduce particles to points and then try to recombine the pieces into a unified field theory. It is the single distributes substructure that generates the particle’s properties such as mass, charge, and spin, not their being separately compartmentalized.

 

And as for gravity as an actions at a distance, there are no gravitons involved. Even Einstein has the gravitational field as a spacetime distortion.

 

So it is too that matter particles lose but one rest mass of kinetic energy when they escape a black hole, this maximum escape velocity being .86c for them and ‘c’ for photons. At a gravitational potential of -99c, for example, photons lose 99% of their energy. Black holes separate matter from light.