More Than One Bang?

[toparnon]

Understanding of Universal Origins, a Scientific Problem As Well as a Problem of “Science”

 

As inhabitants of an insignificant planet circling an ordinary star on the edge of an average galaxy in a universe of perhaps millions of galaxies, we can easily be overwhelmed by the immensity of the cosmos—we certainly have no sense of an absolute comprehension. In an age that prides itself on being able to understand the “process” behind everything, there is as yet no satisfactory description of the fundamental interaction(s) that underlies(underlie) the formation of the fundamental elements, forces, and structure of the universe as we know it. Yet the physical simplicity of the scientifically understood universe (as contrasted with the complex phenomenon of humanity) convinces many within the contemporary scientific establishment that it has not come into existence as a pure random pattern out of eternal building blocks interacting “now” to form one of an infinite number of possibilities. There actually seems to be a process that has proceeded from an initial unified condition to the current relatively complex but harmonious pattern that surrounds us. The Einsteinian equation E=mc2 (total energy equals mass times the speed of light squared) seems to suggest that the initial “stuff” of the universe is pure energy. Yet the very complexity of matter poses a problem for fitting a process that is initiated on such a fundamental level within the “time” from the projected explosive diffusion-condensation (as matter), the “Big Bang,” to the current “expansion” period. The scientifically conceivable transformation from the first 10-42 second of the universe seems to require the deduced constituents of the proton, quarks, to somehow “congeal” in their current form while the total energy of the universe is still in a penultimate intensity of diffusive force. And then there is the question whether a force such as gravity can be projected as unified with other forces when we cannot connect it with the appearance of a specific kind of matter as we can electromagnetism (wave disturbances—photons, electrons), the strong nuclear force (protons, neutrons), or the weak nuclear force (heavy atom nuclei such as uranium).

Perhaps we have too quickly accepted the impossibility of projecting elemental time within a wider perspective to contemplate a “before time” state of harmony in which the unified force of subsequent diversely operating forces could employ a nonentropic principle working against dispersion and disunification. If the entropic principle at work in the universe in the three “matter-related” forces mentioned above is to be projected as somehow balanced so as to prevent entropic dispersion before the Big Bang, then is not gravity precisely that nonentropic principle? Physicists have shown a remarkable bias as a group for measuring the obvious occasions of entropic dispersion of energy in the universe, and thus are not too alert to the counterentropic possibilities of gravity inherent in all matter and all matter-related forces. What is, perhaps, required is the willingness to interpret the Einsteinian insight that gravity “curves” all local times from an a balanced field within a transfer from elemental encompassing point of view; gravity is the manifestation of transcendent time operating in diverse and complex ways to create of the universe a balanced field within which a transfer from elemental time back to encompassing time is possible.1

One can ask if we are not situating the interaction between atomic and electromagnetic entropic forces and the counterentropic action of gravity as critical to the formation of the biological systems that allow human beings like us to ask comprehensive questions. In general, we would say “yes,” while insisting that, however necessary, that interaction is not what we are. As human beings we are more than infinitesimal interweaving molecules progressing, within an instant of cosmic time, to the point of consciousness, to the point of knowledge, to the point of wonder. In our very envisaging the universe and the mystery of time we are an encompassing “time” of particular “times” of simple elements. Our self and other awareness approaching complete comprehension of its physical bases provides us with a relevant example and encouragement for proposing our guiding hypothesis: the projection of elemental time, the time of beings, within the wider perspective, that of universal Being.

Modern physics clearly does not understand gravity; is it possible that the “scientific” view that biological life and humankind itself are phenomena that are basically incidental (random) and/or irrelevant events in respect to the fundamental interactions of the universe is also misconceived? If we propose, as we do, that the universe itself originated from a unified yet diversely operating determining action, an action that was Being itself causing to “be” the mixture of being and nothingness we call beings, then we have no material basis for proposing “chance” as the cause at any subsequent moment inclusive of the initial stage; likewise, the universe, once set in motion, cannot be said to be operating according to chance if, in general, it is seen to be proceeding from more simple to more complex, humankind simply seen to be one of the more complex life-forms.

It is our view that the whole of time or, more precisely, of space-time can only be made sense of—in a scientific sense—if one assumes that it is related causally to a more harmonious or compact reality. Simply by projecting the entropic tendency of the universe back in time we can arrive at such a harmonious Being who fulfils the universal requirement of sufficient harmonious origins for a relatively fragmented reality. What we have considered thus far can be taken as an introductory basis for the effort which follows, to project the process by which time itself was set in motion.

 

Note

1 Not as a mere “balanced system” conditioning principle in respect to an expanding universe as proposed by some physicists, gravity here fulfils as a “beyond-the-system” yet immanent influence inciting (while not being the explanation of) indefinite variable and/or developing interaction throughout the cosmos. Cf. appendix, “Issues and Answers of Unified Theory,” pp.  

3

Cosmic Beginnings

 

In the Beginning, a Creative Void

Time began amidst the lasting harmony of infinite, creative Being. Heretofore enclosed in compact, yet all-encompassing, self-immediacy, infinite, creative Being “now” called to nothingness at its infinite limits, a call that at once gave birth to time and initiated an infinitesimal nothingness at the heart of Being. In this space, the distance opened up, a context for entirely new possibilities—of time-incurred dispersion and dissonance as well as prerequisite for the eventual emergence of disparate “beings”—there appeared: a “surface” of interaction of being and nothingness. Time, in this sense, was not coming into existance as a phenomenon apart from eternity; rather, it appeared, from that first moment, as a process, a sequence of recuperation of the finite space opened up within the immeasurable harmony, directionally unified and balanced, that is Being itself. At the most elemental level time began as this space-associated componant of the pure potentiality (“energy”) of all future disturbances now initiating from the “quantum” fissure disturbing the absolute integrity of Being. Here the velocity of propagation of all future events was established as each pure wave moment along the “surface” of that fissure was conforming no longer to a harmonious “directional” centering of infinite of Being with regard to itself (and nothingness), each contributing, rather, to a curved front of wave moments directionally dissonant from one another.1 Time and space thus first appeared as dimensional components of the quantum displacement and reverberating wave front of the harmony of Being that brought into existance, at the initial “instant,” a compact formation of wave moments directionally dissonant among themselves, the electromagnetic determinants of the universe.

Physically speaking, what we have at the beginning of time is an infinitesimal disruption of plenitude. The metaphysical sense of that moment, according to our notion of time, is not found exclusively in that moment, but rather is to be ascertained on the basis of the total pattern of events as they unfolded throughout the “space” of the time that followed. Our study will project an interpretation of the cosmos as we know it—that is to say, it will seek to detail the interrelationships among the totality of unfolding spatiotemporal dissonances constituting and constituted by the physical laws of electromagnetism, gravitation, and nuclear forces2 and, further, will consider the “complexification”3/entropy4 axis from the point of view of its being the primordial datum of the pretemporal “directionality” of Being. A concern will be addressed in the context of the relatively “deterministic” cycling from entropy to complexification and back again, whether or not this cycling process can be transcended within certain beings who have the capacity to conceive an absolute beyond.

 

And Then There Was Light

We think of light, electromagnetic disturbances, in a limited, scientific sense as the primordial energy of the universe. All matter being convertible into this energy according to Einstein’s equation E=mc2, we suppose, quite reasonably, that all matter originated from it. But is it possible to “see” the basis for the total, complex energy and matter constituents of the universe as energy in its simplest form issuing seedlike from the infinitesimal opening in the heart of absolute Being? In order to better understand this primitive instant, we recall the sequence from the advent of infinitesimal nothingness: the wave front of absolute plenitude, forming “free wave” moments, achieved a “curved prism” effect of dissonance resulting from their differentiating as directionally divergent moments away from absolute plenitude in the quantum distance opened up. At this unsurpassed moment of dynamic intensity, the first instant of time, two forces operated in unequal strengths, thus creating the basis for later temporal interactions: the total angular force of “directionality”-oriented dissonant moments of the expanding wave front counteracted by the principle of convergence of absolute plenitude intrinsic to all the moments of that plenitude. The former force (let us call it ΔFa, the “a” associating with “angular”) can be supposed to have enormously intensified in respect to the latter (let us call it ΔGa), and this on the basis of the absolute proximity of diverging directionalities. The force that initiated the fissure, the “action” of creative Being (we could call it ΔFd, the “d” associating with “disturbance”), now translated into angular force ΔFa overcoming the convergence principle of that Being at that moment of its being, ΔGa, causing the first entropic decompression of the cosmos, sometimes referred to as the Big Bang. We see it as the first of several compression-decompressions.

According to Einsteinian theory, light bends with the force of gravity, yet in the resulting curvature of space-time its velocity appears fixed. Just so the explosive displacement of wave formation can be envisaged as having a changing sequence of configurations, even while the speed of its propagation, tied to the fixity of its quantum reverberating of the initial disturbance, remained fixed. The basis for envisaging a changing sequence of dispersion of this massive front of wave moments (“prephotons”)5—within which the visible universe as we know it might appear to be a diffuse affair—is, of course, the ongoing influence of the unifying attractive principle ΔGa. As the wave moments spread out while radiating across ever-greater dimensional horizons of nothingness, the angular force driving them apart weakens in respect to ΔGa. These wave moments, displaying synchronized alternating divergence/convergence, had, in progressive time frames, their intermomental angle of dissonance flattened by effect of outwards movement; in this “process” the ongoing attraction of ΔGa, realising a steady increase of influence relative to declining ΔFa, at a specific “instant” effected a reverse in wave direction. Total wave motion, heretofore following a path toward nothingness (defined in terms of the point of origin of the initial disturbance—and within that “frame” displaying a progressive shift to longer wave lengths), now returned on itself and so was no longer propagated outwardly under declining angular force of dissonant wave moments, but rather began to develop renewed force, in an exact reverse sense of its outwards movement, from the intrinsic principle of convergence, ΔGa, which now reinforced the converging “rebound” of wave moments (each reversing in propagational directionality while retaining lateral extension as “increments”6) in the direction of cosmic compression (implosion).

 

The Compression Moment of the First Energy-Matter Division

At the end of the time required for the culmination of convergence there was total compression, a return of the primordial wave moments in quantum proximity with one another. However, what occurred was not a reversed replication of the original disturbance. This time, no longer forming a unified wave front but as an incrementalized totality, the total field of convergent moments interacted within itself to achieve a completely different overall pattern; it now comprised the fundamental aspects of a variably distributed wave “system” with a core, intermediate stratum, and outer stratum. The core and intermediate stratum, under incalculable momental force of the whole field system, effected a compression of wave increments with a greater force than the original reverberated quantum disturbance (as realised according to a fixed velocity of expansion). What took place here can be theorized ad infinitum according to a more accurate understanding of the makeup of the most fundamental “light particles,” or leptons, such as electrons, neutrinos, positrons, etc. In general, we envisage three distinct levels of saturation of wave increments, according to the overall compressive force operating at the core, intermediate, or outer strata. At the core (amidst greater than initial dispersal force) maximum compression occurred so that wave increments, convergent directionalities, converged together and exerted sufficient overall “pressure” to neutralize (achieve approximate alignment of) their component directionalities; this had the effect of creating neutrinos.

At the intermediate stratum of the wave field in compression, a condition of “turning back,” as pressure mounted along the line of propagation, resulted in the formation of uniformly polarized wave increments effecting self-reinforcement, standing waves with an independent compensating spin, electron/positrons.7 The outer stratum, also subjected to the “turning back” phenomenon, represented the greatest proportion of the total field. Here wave increments effected varying degrees of reversal of directionality according to position within the field. At this outermost level total momental force and, therefore, pressure were much reduced, effecting no fundamental transformation of wave increments. Remaining thus relatively untransformed within the range of directional and compactness variabilities (and identifiable as photons) they were free to propagate in varying outward directions.

The leptons of the intermediate stratum likewise were susceptible to outward propagation but, as compared to the outer stratum, they did so as newly stabilized wave increments constituting a “created” concentration of mass (energy transformed to mass)—particle characteristics—while retaining at least some of the wave characteristics of the freely propagating wave increments Their respective directionalities (polarities) effected repulsion and attraction of “stabilized” divergent/convergent directionalities in one of the two complementary directions (according to their now “rounded” positioning effecting oppositely polarized “turning back” vis-a-vis the original flat wave front). Outward propagation as an explosive dispersive event was now reinforced by effect of stabilized repulsion of proximate directionalities of the intermediate stratum in this, the second compressive/ decompressive moment since the beginning of time. The nondispersing neutral neutrinos of the inner lepton field represent an, as yet, unknown weight in the cosmos. They are here proposed to be the critical factor leading to the formation of the all-important baryons in the next stage of cosmic compression/ decompression.

In the intensive moment of cosmic compression we suppose the occurrence within a specific instant of penultimate proximity of rebounding wave moments the complete depletion of ΔGa accumulated momentum. The directional forces that repel are then envisaged to take over, and another moment of cosmic decompression, of entropic dispersion, ensued. It was a moment, however, that is much different from the one that preceded. Three different cosmic elements, two dispersing, were all tenuously linked in their temporal destiny by the cosmic unifying principle, ΔGa,. They were all destined to meet again under entirely different circumstances and with entirely different consequences.

 

 

 

 

The Compression Moment of the Second Energy-Matter Division

A more complex pattern of dispersion occurs following the compression moment just described. First of all, the pattern of free wave increment dispersal was more diffuse, with varying paths of propagation and intensities (compactness) of wave increments. The intermediate stratum of polarized leptons disperses with almost equal rapidity (slower because of greater mass values); almost immediately this expanding shell of matter takes on a slightly elliptical shape, corresponding to the distribution of its differently polarized particles. The negatively charged electrons on one “side” of the ellipsoid are driven farther apart with the additional force of mutual repulsion as well as outwardly by the explosive decompression, while the positively charged positrons on the other side are subject to the same distributing forces in the opposite direction. The neutrinos of the inner core, now totally unaffected by mutual repulsion, are simply distributed according to kinetic interaction (somewhat like billiard balls) and ΔGa influence. The latter eventually develop among themselves tenuous interactions resembling the orbital or rotational movements of later-appearing stellar formations and galaxies.8

The sequence of events leading up to the third compression/decompression in cosmic time now relied upon a more complex pattern of ΔGa influence. The outer expanding

shell of “free” waves (free relative to the new forms matter), was more diffuse—even while uniformly incrementalized as photons—than wave moments of the earlier expansion; but bearing a resemblance to that earlier expansion, its dispersing movement was in a pattern that was quite distinct from the patterns occurring for these new forms of matter. For example its velocity of propagation greatly surpassed that of these leptons. Retaining, as it did, in its totality a greater proportion of ΔGa influence, it would possess sufficient attractive force on rebounding to “drag” other elements into a cosmic compression. While more spread out, it proceeded, as did the earlier expansion, at a rate fixed according to the quantum reverberation of the initial disturbance. As in the earlier expansion, the attractive influence of ΔGa realised in a sequence of time frames a lessening of the dispersive effect of dissonant wave moments. Again, as in the earlier expansion, each free wave moment of alternating dissonance (now incrementalized and so identifiable as photon) underwent its own flattening of its angular divergence and thus contributed to a diminishing of overall dispersive force in a sequentially diffuse but more or less uniform manner. Acceding thereby to constant overall ΔGa influence, the total expanding field of free wave moments attained the limit of entropic dispersal of the original angularly transmitted displacement.

Once again a process of cosmic compression occurred as the free wave “shell” commenced to build up momentum converging under ΔGa influence to the predetermined point of compression. The first stage of this new moment of compression/decompression followed as the converging wave increments encountered the still outward bound “layer” of electrons/positrons. Interaction occurred, not primarily actual contact, since the particles at this stage were quite diffusely distributed. The strength of ΔGa influence dramatically increased for the outward bound leptons with their sudden proximity to the contrary propagating field of free waves. Already tending to weaken in the velocity of their outward propulsion, the leptons were made to veer from their original paths now spread out in a slightly tangential sense in respect to their point of origin. A reverse movement occurred, but it was a movement, or a “trajectory,” that reinforced the elliptical shape of a particle field whose directionally polarized character had encouraged that tendency at the outset of decompression.

A new and even more complex moment of cosmic compression began to take shape. We should not forget that as the imploding layers of free waves and charged particles rushed inward toward a moment of penultimate density, they encountered loosely interacting neutrinos; these were also swept along by the heightening pull of the ΔGa influence. The field of free waves and particles, now approaching interactive density, took on rather more pronounced flattened shape as the mutual repulsion of polarized particles on one “side” was accompanied by a rapid increase of directionally influenced attraction for the polarized particles on the other “side.”

We should try to keep in mind in our considerations of the impending moment of particle interaction that the photon, the neutrino and the electron/positron are not matter as we normally conceive it, even though the latter incur greater minimal ΔGa influence than do neutrinos or photons. As primordial field elements electrons/positrons are, in fact, reverberating matter-creating events, that is stable translations of propagating energy to mass in an infinitesimal space. Neutrinos, on the other hand, are wave increments whose directional energies creating mass and/or propagation have simply been cancelled out. While being irreducible residue of reverberation energy potential “burnt out,” they are not without residual mass; given their structure as free wave increments with compressed amplitude approximating directional alignment, they are subject to external ΔGa influence. Furthermore, they are susceptible to receiving and giving marginal directional reinforcement to electrons/positrons under certain conditions of compression (i.e., particle saturation).9

The third moment of cosmic compression since the beginning of time was a more complex if slightly less concentrated affair. The slightly flattened field once again subdivided into varying interactions and effects according to the relative ΔGa influence on their constituents. Once again the outer stratum consisted almost entirely of the lighter wave increments having various degrees of compactness and varying directional orientations. The self-reinforcing or “standing waves”—the electron/positrons—were mutually attracted to form a series of composite inner layers that included, as well, a great proportion of free wave increments and neutrinos.

Interactions between electrons and positrons at the outermost (thinnest) of the intermediate layers were simple—that is, explosive—transforming into more propagating free wave increments and creating even greater pressure on inner layers. At a given cross section of compactness, such was the density of these wave increments that the translation from electrons/positrons to free waves was decelerated and, if not stopped entirely, at least diminished to a critical threshold at which point neutrinos began to interact with electrons or positrons. The various arrangements of lepton interrelationships (electron–neutrino–positron, double electron–double neutrino–positron, and electron–double neutrino–double positron are just a few simple possibilities) developed in complexity according to the saturation point of free waves at a given intermediate layer.

Of course, we can only theorize generally concerning the complex patterns formed, as self-reinforcing wave patterns become mutually reinforcing wave patterns in three-dimensional reality. The fourth dimension, space-time, can also be said to have played a role—in the Einsteinian sense—as energy (velocity of propagation) was translated into mass. Suffice it to say that the multilayered dynamic interaction of particles, particle aggregates, and free wave increments did not arrive at the formation of the dynamically stable baryon particle (almost two thousand times heavier than the electron/positron) in a single-staged interaction. From what we can determine, on the basis of scattered knowledge, only the complexity and density we now suppose to have been in effect in the innermost aggregate field of the third compression moment of cosmic time seems to be adequate to the task of “explaining” the relatively dense and complex nature of the baryon particle, the proton/neutron.

At the core of the total field in penultimate density of compression, complex lepton aggregates, each comprised of the maximum possible mutually reinforcing wave increments, underwent the concentrated compressive effect of total ΔGa influenced momental energy. Under enormous pressure, the core plasma of interrelated wave increments underwent a quantum transformation; while still manifesting wave increment qualities, the arrangements effected a much tighter pattern. Again, energy was transformed into mass, but in a rather more dramatic way. A whole variety of new particles came into being: strings/composites of compressed wave increments, which we call quarks, in effect, the fundamental constituents giving solidity and mass to all cosmic reality.

The moment of maximum density was, of course, accompanied by maximum contrary operating forces of converging directionalities. The total momental energy of ΔGa, having been exhausted in the complex interactions and transformations that its influence had made possible, now relented as the proximity-incurred energy of directional repulsion took over. The process of decompression was initiated and was even more diffuse than before. The outer stratum of wave increments radiated a full spectrum of directionalities and wave compactness; the intermediate layers followed quickly, composed of free wave increments, leptons, and disintegrating lepton aggregates; at the core of the decompressing matter/energy field a level of unprecedented complexity was unfolding. The newly created composite particles, which perhaps had achieved relative stability at penultimate density, now become abruptly and intensely polarized—with an intensity corresponding to their originating moment of compression. As decompression rapidly ensued, quarks of complementary polarity were driven together with a force equal to or greater than that of the decompression itself—first in double, then in triple configuration. The former are called mesons; the latter, protons/neutrons.

Lepton aggregates destined to become quarks, then protons, had already (following earlier patterns of neutrinos) developed local rotating movements—similar to the swirling gases and galaxies that were later to develop. The “exiting” of the new particles from penultimate density of cosmic compression furnished the substance and motion of the universe that was to be. As the core field expanded, a more diffuse interaction phase ensued. Of the diverse types of baryon particles, only the proton/neutron particles remained stable, while the meson particles are relegated to the role of virtual carriers of energy and physical state transformations for protons and neutrons. Among the disaggregated leptons, the electrons and positrons were colliding in an ongoing fury of mutual self-destruction as they dispersed outwardly. Against the uniformity of this intermediate field and contrasted to it, the massive outwards movement of newly formed baryon particles unfolded, spinning, like lead shot, through burning lepton clouds. But the “positive” outcome of the massive balancing act—or “crystallization”—which resulted in numerical dominance of protons, determined also the victor among the oppositely polarized leptons. The protons, as positively charged particles, served quickly as an “attractive haven” for the negative leptons, while being too massive, too diffuse in their polarization, to succumb to lepton neutralization. The remaining positrons were dispersed by residual directional repulsion, leaving behind a total expanding array of whirling particles, baryons, and leptons, radiating wave increments as they, the leptons, varied in compactness of encircling reverberation around massive proton and neutron nuclei.

The rapid transformation of particles into a relatively simple “atomic” system we call hydrogen and helium at this moment of decompression had one very important effect: it eliminated directional repulsion as the ongoing propulsive force of that part (the core) of the expanding energy/matter field. The formation of vast whirling clouds of directionally neutral “matter” meant that the last stage of cosmic decompression before the beginning of universal time had ended and that the time had arrived for a fundamentally different sort of interaction, not in a total cosmic field of ΔFa and ΔGa interaction, but in a localized sense, among coalescing and compressing of massive whirling clouds—localized F forces and G forces developing within the bounds of the masses and residual repulsive tendencies of variably quantified collectivities, as well as beyond, among a wider “universal” realm of such collectivities.

 

Matter Differentiation in Universal Time

We recall how, since the beginning of time, simple directional and G influences were translated into complex interactions. We have seen how a primordial action of a preexisting, encompassing Entity has resulted in the dispersal and dissonance of original free wave increments, as well as their differentiation into different kinds of matter/energy. At this stage in the formation of the universe, we are no longer concerned with cosmically unified forces set in motion across the total breadth of the cosmos, but rather with “localized” interactions within statistically variable populations of “atomic” particles. The concept of “probability” must now be understood to play a role within interactions in which different outcomes are seen to take place according to variable conditions.

The composition of interstellar gas, 75 percent hydrogen, 25 percent helium, suggests that such “light” elements were the sole constituents of the early universe. The question of the differentiation of matter has to do with, of course, how the heavier elements came into existence. John Gribben and Martin Rees in their book, Cosmic Coincidences, Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology, point out how a particular phenomenon known as energy resonance is responsible for the widespread presence of carbon, one of the key constituents of life as we know it. Up until work done by a British scientist by the name of Hoyle in the mid-1950s, scientists were at a loss to explain how the process of fusion occurring under the extreme heat and pressure of early stellar bodies could achieve the fusion of helium atoms with two protons and two neutrons in order to attain what seemed to be a necessary intermediate stage to all other heavy atoms, including carbon with six protons and six neutrons, when that necessary intermediate stage—beryllium-8—had a lifetime of only ten seconds! Resonance furnished a necessary insight:

 

Resonance works like this. When two nuclei collide and stick together, the new nucleus that is formed carries the combined mass-energy of the two nuclei, plus the combined energy of their motion, their kinetic energy (and minus a small amount of energy from the strong force, the binding energy that holds the new nucleus together). . . .

In 1954, Hoyle realized that the only way to make enough carbon inside stars is if there is a resonance involving helium-4, beryllium-8 and carbon-12. . . . The kinetic energy that each nucleus has depends on the temperature inside a star, which Hoyle could calculate. Using that temperature calculation, Hoyle predicted that there must be a previously undetected energy level in the carbon-12 nucleus, at an energy that would resonate with the combined energies, including kinetic energy, of its constituent parts (helium-4 and beryllium-8), under the conditions prevailing in stars.10

 

Subsequent experiments carried out with the use of Hoyle’s calculations verified the likely importance of the phenomenon of energy resonance in the formation of carbon-12 as well as other heavier elements with their own energy resonance levels.11

Another problem has to do with the proliferation of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium throughout the universe. The lifetime of the average star, ranging from slightly smaller than to several times the size of our Sun, is determined by a fusion-burning process that results in the end in a collapsed dwarf not much larger than our Earth. No spreading of heavier elements occurs.12 In the case of a star more than twenty times but less than twenty-five times the size of our Sun, the process of fusion comes to an end—that is, burns out—with the production of nuclei of iron-56 and total collapse of iron nuclei under the enormous pressures induced by gravity to form a solid compact mass of neutrons. A neutron star results—still without spreading elements.13 If, however, a star has twenty-five or more times the mass of the Sun, a more complicated reaction ensues. The inner core undergoes the process described above, as it completes its fusion process with the production of iron-56, but the surrounding layer is subject to an extreme disruption of its stability in respect to the collapse of its supporting inner core. The surrounding layer, now pulled to the center, begins to build up enormous momentum. In the space of less than a second it hits the neutron core from all sides. Such is the compactness of the newly formed neutron core that, rather than absorbing the shock, enormous pressures and temperatures are created, rebounding through the surrounding layer and expanding towards the outer surface of the star (possibly about the size of the orbit of Jupiter). Heavier-than-iron elements are produced in the violent interactions that follow.14 Along with the shock wave, an outpouring of neutrinos from the collapsed neutron core contributes to the blowing apart of the outer layers of the star and a dispersal of heavy elements produced over the entire history of the star. The energy output of such a phenomenon, referred to as a supernova, rivals that of a whole galaxy. Its intensity lasts but a few weeks; then it subsides to become a spinning neutron star, having spread its excess burden of heavy elements beyond itself.15

The example of energy resonance levels raises the issue of the discernible, as well as comprehensible, continuity of causal impulse with regard to the formation of distinct unprecedented levels of complexity in the universe. Gribbin and Rees describe a series of so-called “cosmic coincidences,” which seem to call upon the philosophical resources of the individual to decide, for himself/herself, the cosmic significance of such coincidences, in a scientific and logical, as well as theological, sense. Without going into detail concerning all the requisite elements that have come together to constitute man as a particularly developed species amongst many similarly constituted species, we will now enter into a discussion concerning the philosophical (scientific and logical) and theological (God-related) aspects of the general appearance of complexity in the cosmos. It is our conviction that although our assent to a unified cosmic basis is not in question—if we pretend to be rational, we cannot be satisfied with limited variable interactions projected infinitely backwards or forwards—the vague outline of that cosmic basis can be made clearer by a careful consideration of the general pattern of causality in the cosmos/universe. This consideration occupies the next chapter.

Notes

1.

We could say, as well, that moments of pure wave of Being fall into dispersion of radiality. The radial range and quantum space thus opened up, while infinitesimal with respect to the infinite Being, nevertheless, makes possible all the subsequently unfolding “dimensional” aspects of the cosmos. Cf. appendix.

2.

The four forces are to be considered, within this text, from the point of view of their apparent respective roles (reinforcing or nonreinforcing, propulsive or counteractive) at the critical interactive moments in the formation of the universe following the initial “disturbance” of the primordial harmony of Being. Even more fundamentally, this view of the universe is subject to a perspective of an absolute creative “Entity” in respect to whom the postdisturbance appearance of phenomenal homogeneity contrasted with phenomenal heterogeneity displays the distinctly different relationship of the essence of His primordial harmony, on the one hand, and that same absolute creative Entity in His creative operation, His “action” on the other. Cf. The Future of Peace by present author, pp. 88-94. Considering the most fundamental “mixture” of homogeneity and heterogeneity thus far uncovered by science, propagated electromagnetic wave particles, photons, we suppose their nature as vectoral field disturbances “caused” at the instant of the initial disturbance. Having as the basis of their makeup a cross-sectional displacing of primordial (ground) directionality, i.e., of unified Being, and combining consonance and dissonance in wave action (see appendix) they reverberate the beginning of time.

3.

We should point out to the reader the relevant history of the word “complexification” in the writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Cf. The Phenomenon of Man, trans. Bernard Wall (London: Collins, 1959). A theologically trained yet professional acute anthropologist-archeologist, Teilhard de Chardin felt compelled to cut across the long-established boundaries dividing so-called purely physical and spiritual fields of study in order to achieve the “phenomenological” approach, which does not arbitrarily leave man out in respect to a consideration of the sense of the total pattern of the universe. In this view there can be a “within” of matter that has its term and corresponding expression in the developing “complexity consciousness” of the human species.

4.

The term entropy in general refers to the dispersion or fragmentation of what was originally unified; entropic energy is the energy by which the elements of the universe “decompress.”

5.

Cf. appendix, in regard to developing incrementality of wave front.

6.

Cf. ibid.

7.

Polarization of electrons/positrons (self-reinforcing wave increments) can be theorized as resulting from a “turning back” that occurs at the opposite sides of the intermediate stratum (corresponding to the “front” and “back” now rounded of the original prism of converging/diverging directionalities); this localized difference has a translocal effect polarizing the stratum between electrons and positrons at maximum compression. Their tendency to interact as mutually disintegrating states of matter—"antimatter"—will influence the next moment of cosmic compression.

8.

While this theory of the beginning of the universe incorporates the variety of conditions (“moments”) to explain the appearance of different scaled structures, superclusters, galaxies, and stars, this work does not, due to its general character, delve into that subject.

9.

Neutrinos can also have an antimatter effect, depending on relative velocity and direction of spin.

10.

John Gribben and Martin Rees, Cosmic Coincidences, Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology (New York: Bantam, 1989), pp. 244–45.

11.

Ibid., pp. 246–47.

12.

Ibid., pp. 247–49.

13.

Ibid., pp. 249–50.

14.

At this stage of cosmic time all the “kinds of matter-related forces” (cf. p. 28) have being attributed their appropriate compression moments—here, the weak force related to the heavier elements—all are understood as distinct quantum modes of matter-creating resonance reinforcement.

15.

Ibid., pp. 250–52.

4

[Cyberia]

I can see why no one has replied to your post. There is just so much of it. Most people on forums prefer sound byte sized posts. You would have been better either making it into a number of threads or starting off with a short initial post and then adding to that till you got out everything you wanted.

 

If you have taken this from a book or an internet site, it is normally better to post some good paragraphs and link to the rest, and maybe add some of your thoughts on it.

 

Addressing your title, if there can be one big bang, there can be more big bangs. If there can be one universe, there can be more universes.

[toparnon]

SextonBlake

Thank you for your interest. But your claim that my speculation on more than one bang justifies speculation about more than universe is not at all based on verified differentiations to be explained. My theory is not based at all -- as yours may be -- on a mathematical or psychological tendancy to visualize multiples of whatever one sees. Thank you again.

toparnon

 

http://twitter.com/#!/toparnon

[Cyberia]

A first big bang would surely have expanded without bias. To explain, if you toss a coin endless times, you will end up with about 50% heads and 50% tails as biases even out. So with the big bang in that it was expanding into literally nothing and the expanding "ball" itself would have evened out since presumably it was uniform and not starting in just one part of the singularity.

 

However if we had an earlier BB where hardly anything formed because of almost 100% smoothness from lack of bias, then when this collapsed, maybe the second BB started off before all the material had collapsed again so leaving "seeds" around which particles can coagulate and form larger structures fairly quickly.

 

Again sorry I have not addressed your article but there is just so much of it (and I do tend to post while watching TV).

[toparnon]

A first big bang would surely have expanded without bias. To explain, if you toss a coin endless times, you will end up with about 50% heads and 50% tails as biases even out. So with the big bang in that it was expanding into literally nothing and the expanding "ball" itself would have evened out since presumably it was uniform and not starting in just one part of the singularity.

 

However if we had an earlier BB where hardly anything formed because of almost 100% smoothness from lack of bias, then when this collapsed, maybe the second BB started off before all the material had collapsed again so leaving "seeds" around which particles can coagulate and form larger structures fairly quickly.

 

Again sorry I have not addressed your article but there is just so much of it (and I do tend to post while watching TV).

Hello!

Are you still arguing for multiple universes (which for my reasoning would require multiple centers of initial expansion)? You really have to read carefuly "The Compression Moment of the Second Energy-Matter Division". It retains the initial center while forming macro and micro cosmic (one initial center/one universe) structures. Tslk in those terms and I'll know where you're at.

toparnon

[Cyberia]

Perhaps you should read my post again. I was talking of just the one universe, expanding and contracting and expanding again.

[toparnon]

The consideration of the cosmic basis of our lives, however important and serious that can be, may sometimes be interrupted by events of life that are at least more serious than a tv commercial. My life has been so interrupted. I'll spare details to whom it may not concern. Another thought: communication, interrupted or not, has different levels, of detail and of inner commitment to the truth (and cosmic basis) of our lives. At least in the latter regard I claim never to have allowed my commitment to communication to be interrupted. You might say I'm still waiting for the multiple-level communication to begin.