Ground Water Tributories And Connecting Systems

[7DSUSYstrings]

I'm p[lanning to get some of the groundwater maps from the USGS for a number of states, but maybe some of you would know this:

 

What groundwater systems, ioncluding underground tributories, are present beteen Wyoming and Wisconsin? Wyoming and New Mexico? Wyoming and Oregon/Washington/California?

 

Anyone know this right off the top?

[Turtle]

I'm p[lanning to get some of the groundwater maps from the USGS for a number of states, but maybe some of you would know this:

 

What groundwater systems, ioncluding underground tributories, are present beteen Wyoming and Wisconsin? Wyoming and New Mexico? Wyoming and Oregon/Washington/California?

 

Anyone know this right off the top?

 

between wyoming & wisconsin, the ogallala aquifer comes to mind immediately. as i understand it, this is major groundwater source is the main concern in the forestalling of the proposed oil pipeline from canada to texas.

 

wikipedia article: Ogallala Aquifer

 

Digital map of the saturated thickness of the High Plains aquifer in parts of Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming, 1996-97. Produced from GIS data produced by the USGS and published in Open File Report 00-300 (USGS OFR 00-300)[1]. Researchers: Fischer, Brian C.; Kollasch, Keith M.; McGuire, Virginia L., 30 July 2009

 

[7DSUSYstrings]

Thank you, Turtle. Since I'm not a geologist, this is helpful. I pretty much expected this. Funny I couldn't find that in wiki though :unsure:

[Turtle]

Thank you, Turtle. Since I'm not a geologist, this is helpful. I pretty much expected this. Funny I couldn't find that in wiki though :unsure:

 

you're welcome. i studied geology as a specialty in association with another degree and happened to know the name. what terms were you searching? oddly enough i live in washington state but don't know the names of any acquifers here offhand. :doh: :lol: if you haven't found info on oregon/washington though, i can have a look for you.

Edited March 26, 2012 by Turtle

[Turtle]

i am finding these sources using the search phrase "aquifers in 'placename'".

 

Status of Active Groundwater Monitoring Programs in Washington State - 2002

 

Background - Hydrogeology of Washington State

 

Figure 1 shows a map of the principal surficial aquifers of Washington. The three major aquifer systems in the state include the basalts and overlying unconsolidated deposits of the Central Columbia Plateau in southeastern Washington, the unconsolidated glacial deposits of the Puget Sound Lowland, and the glacial outwash deposits of the Spokane-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer in northeast Washington. The larger state aquifer systems are typically composed of multiple water-bearing units that underlie the surface, often extending many hundreds of feet below ground. A number of smaller, surficial aquifer systems also exist throughout our state, commonly located within river valleys. In contrast to the state’s stream and river network, the large extent and three-dimensional character of the groundwater resource greatly complicate the ability to cost-effectively monitor state-wide conditions.

 

for Oregon, there are a number of maps at this source: Groundwater Stewardship

Edited March 26, 2012 by Turtle

[7DSUSYstrings]

you're welcome. i studied geology as a specialty in association with another degree and happened to know the name. what terms were you searching? oddly enough i live in washington state but don't know the names of any acquifers here offhand. :doh: :lol: if you haven't found info on oregon/washington though, i can have a look for you.

 

Terms I was using fro search words such as groundwater maps. I see you may have used A particular state name and "hydrogeology." I'm a physicist/engineer, so only dabble in a variety of other areas like chemistry and geology. The latter more recently and in conjunction with some research in seismology and volcanism. In a sense I put puzzles together and these areas hold some of the pieces.

 

At first I was only concerned with Wyoming, Oergon, Idaho, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, California and Arizona, but recently Wisconsin has had what sound like harmonic tremors. We've had some in Kokomo, INdiana not so long ago and Iceland gets these all the time associated with volcanic activity.

 

Here we have "The Lost River" that is fed from Kentucky rivers, including a section (correct me if I'm wrong and you know so) that connects with Mammoth Cave and Mammoth Horse Cave. I've been trying to find if there are any connections between the Lost River and Wyoming Aquifers.

 

Thanx again

[Turtle]

Terms I was using fro search words such as groundwater maps. I see you may have used A particular state name and "hydrogeology." I'm a physicist/engineer, so only dabble in a variety of other areas like chemistry and geology. The latter more recently and in conjunction with some research in seismology and volcanism. In a sense I put puzzles together and these areas hold some of the pieces.

 

acknowledged. to be clear however, i did not search the term "hydrogeology", rather it just happened to come up with that article. might not be a bad idea to try using it though. living a mere 50 miles from 3 volcanos (mt. st. helens, mt. hood, and mt. adams), seismology and volcanology are pet subjects of mine. i visit the following site daily to see "what's shaking", and besides access to real-time worldwide seismographic feeds they have a plethora of informative links & articles. >> USGS Earthquake Hazards Program

 

At first I was only concerned with Wyoming, Oergon, Idaho, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, California and Arizona, but recently Wisconsin has had what sound like harmonic tremors. We've had some in Kokomo, INdiana not so long ago and Iceland gets these all the time associated with volcanic activity.

 

Here we have "The Lost River" that is fed from Kentucky rivers, including a section (correct me if I'm wrong and you know so) that connects with Mammoth Cave and Mammoth Horse Cave. I've been trying to find if there are any connections between the Lost River and Wyoming Aquifers.

 

Thanx again

 

the "booms" in wisconsin have now been tentatively associated with a series of micro-quakes, but not harmonic tremors that i have read. >> Wisconsin official: Mystery booming noises that plagued city caused by small earthquake you can look up & peruse the archived seismograms at the link i gave above. harmonic tremors have a distinct looking signal as described & illustrated at this wiki article. >> Harmonic Tremors

 

where are you located if i may ask? i'll have to read up on lost river, but there is no groundwater inter-connection between kentucky & wyoming. between them lies that ogallala aquifer and its extent is well mapped as you have seen.

 

hope that helps.

Edited March 27, 2012 by Turtle

[7DSUSYstrings]

acknowledged. to be clear however, i did not search the term "hydrogeology", rather it just happened to come up with that article. might not be a bad idea to try using it though. living a mere 50 miles from 3 volcanos (mt. st. helens, mt. hood, and mt. adams), seismology and volcanology are pet subjects of mine. i visit the following site daily to see "what's shaking", and besides access to real-time worldwide seismographic feeds they have a plethora of informative links & articles. >> USGS Earthquake Hazards Program

 

 

 

the "booms" in wisconsin have now been tentatively associated with a series of micro-quakes, but not harmonic tremors that i have read. >> Wisconsin official: Mystery booming noises that plagued city caused by small earthquake you can look up & peruse the archived seismograms at the link i gave above. harmonic tremors have a distinct looking signal as described & illustrated at this wiki article. >> Harmonic Tremors

 

where are you located if i may ask? i'll have to read up on lost river, but there is no groundwater inter-connection between kentucky & wyoming. between them lies that ogallala aquifer and its extent is well mapped as you have seen.

 

hope that helps.

 

 

A bit. I get the USGS alerts on anything over 6M around the planet. Been to that site frequently and the volcanism site as well, though not recently. As for the Wisconsin 1.5M's, if I recall it was not a Wisconsin or USGS official, but a political official that connected the noises to the quakes. In fact I believe one geologist suggested the booming noises are generally not associated with such small quakes and the harmonmic tremors were not a raised issue in the articles. Kokomo's have pretty much been forgotten for the most part, but never truly assessed. I haven't compared the graphed characteristics of either against the harmonic tremors. It's something of a hunch originating from some pieces of the puzzle as seen from other scientific area perspectives.

 

The groundwater connections between various states is interesting. What I would not find surprising would be if there was some relationaship between the connecting water tributories and magma tubes. It would be nice if there were enough MDI mappings to see if that is the case.

 

I'm near Indy.

Edited March 27, 2012 by 7DSUSYstrings

[Turtle]

A bit. I get the USGS alerts on anything over 6M around the planet. Been to that site frequently and the volcanism site as well, though not recently. As for the Wisconsin 1.5M's, if I recall it was not a Wisconsin or USGS official, but a political official that connected the noises to the quakes. In fact I believe one geologist suggested the booming noises are generally not associated with such small quakes and the harmonmic tremors were not a raised issue in the articles. Kokomo's have pretty much been forgotten for the most part, but never truly assessed. I haven't compared the graphed characteristics of either against the harmonic tremors. It's something of a hunch originating from some pieces of the puzzle as seen from other scientific area perspectives.

 

The groundwater connections between various states is interesting. What I would not find surprising would be if there was some relationaship between the connecting water tributories and magma tubes. It would be nice if there were enough MDI mappings to see if that is the case.

 

I'm near Indy.

 

roger the "unofficial-ness" of the booms' origin being associated with quakes. the usgs folks are always very cautious about their statements. as a government entity their pronouncements can have great import on commerce and public safety.

 

i looked up Lost River and found its underwater segments are associated with karstland which -like mammouth caves- are primarily a limestone formation and not associated with volcanos or magma. the phrase "magma tubes" is not found in geology, and while there are "lava tubes" they are features relatively near the surface and associated with eruptions of lava whether from volcanos or flood basalts. geologists make a distinction between "magma" and "lava" wherin magma is melted rock underground and lava is melted rock that flows out of the ground. (this is true for undersea eruptions as well.) lava tubes form when a crust of cooled lava forms over an ongoing flow and when the flow stops quickly a "tube" -sometimes called a lava cave- may remain. karstland caves form from acidic action on susceptible minerals such as limestone or other carbonate rocks. there is no evidence for tubes or tunnels at the depths of the mantle boundary which for continents is 10 to 60 miles down. see this article on the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho for short.

Edited March 28, 2012 by Turtle

[7DSUSYstrings]

The Karstland link gets me a 404...

 

The others are very interesting. Remembering some early studying about volcanoes from many moons ago, I do remember "lava tubes" as being correct. I'm a bit cautious these days with the "out with the old" philosophies of scientific research. New school is good, but old school often ends up being returned to. Doppler Imaging has done wonders, but it's still young.

 

Indiana is almost like "Limestones R Us." :D

 

Looking back at Wisconsin again, although it's a proliferation, the noises were also suggested, because of the shale composition of the aquifers, also taking into mind the Wisconsin Dells, like Michigan, so plentiful in lakes, to possibly be "cryoseisms." These occur in Canadian tundra areas very rampantly now as newly forming methane geysers. I remember first hearing about methane plumes in 1992 when Bennitt's Island in Siberia sprouted one and was thought to be a planetary reaction to artificial global warming.

 

Do you think it's possible these cryoseisms are moving further South?

[Turtle]

The Karstland link gets me a 404...

 

The others are very interesting. Remembering some early studying about volcanoes from many moons ago, I do remember "lava tubes" as being correct. I'm a bit cautious these days with the "out with the old" philosophies of scientific research. New school is good, but old school often ends up being returned to. Doppler Imaging has done wonders, but it's still young.

 

Indiana is almost like "Limestones R Us." :D

 

Looking back at Wisconsin again, although it's a proliferation, the noises were also suggested, because of the shale composition of the aquifers, also taking into mind the Wisconsin Dells, like Michigan, so plentiful in lakes, to possibly be "cryoseisms." These occur in Canadian tundra areas very rampantly now as newly forming methane geysers. I remember first hearing about methane plumes in 1992 when Bennitt's Island in Siberia sprouted one and was thought to be a planetary reaction to artificial global warming.

 

Do you think it's possible these cryoseisms are moving further South?

 

oops! :doh: fixed the link & here it is again. >>karstland

 

i suppose cryoseisms could be it; is the ground frozen there though? you got me thinking of another possible explanation; water hammer cause by the micro-quakes. :shrug:

[7DSUSYstrings]

Water Hammer. Now you are wandering into my turf. This is often a minor problem in certain types of hydraulic applications, usually when we use dual cylinders with diverter valves. An accumulator or compensator metaphorically softens the blow to the system. Without that, or sometimes even with, the system can develop voids, then air bubbles. If no air is available the void can create a vacuum and even deform solid pipes. One reason flexible hydraulic lines can do more than make routing easier. Anyone who works on cars knows the brakes occasionally need bleeding. Worst case, the cylinder collapses and a dragging brake ensues.

 

I can imagine this going on underground, but you likely have an advanced take on it. Cyberpenney for those thoughts... :)

[Turtle]

Water Hammer. Now you are wandering into my turf. This is often a minor problem in certain types of hydraulic applications, usually when we use dual cylinders with diverter valves. An accumulator or compensator metaphorically softens the blow to the system. Without that, or sometimes even with, the system can develop voids, then air bubbles. If no air is available the void can create a vacuum and even deform solid pipes. One reason flexible hydraulic lines can do more than make routing easier. Anyone who works on cars knows the brakes occasionally need bleeding. Worst case, the cylinder collapses and a dragging brake ensues.

 

I can imagine this going on underground, but you likely have an advanced take on it. Cyberpenney for those thoughts... :)

 

my familiarity with hammer comes from doing plumbing repairs for a number of years. it's been decades since then, but i see it's not uncommon to find hammer arrestors installed in laundry rooms these days. this is not so much for stopping the sound as it is for protecting the hoses from rupture and the consequent damage to a building.

 

anyway, i had to do some additional thinking for those thoughts, but given the extent/area & amplitude of the booms, i'd venture a guess it was occuring somewhere in the municipal water system. this is presuming they are using wells as a supply.

Edited March 28, 2012 by Turtle

[7DSUSYstrings]

my familiarity with hammer comes from doing plumbing repairs for a number of years. it's been decades since then, but i see it's not uncommon to find hammer arrestors installed in laundry rooms these days. this is not so much for stopping the sound as it is for protecting the hoses from rupture and the consequent damage to a building.

 

anyway, i had to do some additional thinking for those thoughts, but given the extent/area & amplitude of the booms, i'd venture a guess it was occuring somewhere in the municipal water system. this is presuming they are using wells as a supply.

 

Plumbing, eh? That's ironic because in my purchasing "this old house" I inherited a plumbing nighmare and, with life on a budget that also includes purchasing scientific gear, I'm the plumber (no exposed butt crack), digger, the carpenter, the engineer is a given, architect, electrician, roofer, plasterer and faux finisher. It was interesting that you knew about that weird, but predictable, effect. I first encountered the term while working for Clark as a design engineer in construction equipment. That's another story... :)

 

Back to the original conversation where it proliferated into volcanism. Here in America do these basalt floods have a central source?

[Turtle]

Plumbing, eh? That's ironic because in my purchasing "this old house" I inherited a plumbing nighmare and, with life on a budget that also includes purchasing scientific gear, I'm the plumber (no exposed butt crack), digger, the carpenter, the engineer is a given, architect, electrician, roofer, plasterer and faux finisher. It was interesting that you knew about that weird, but predictable, effect. I first encountered the term while working for Clark as a design engineer in construction equipment. That's another story... :)

 

Back to the original conversation where it proliferated into volcanism. Here in America do these basalt floods have a central source?

 

i am a veritable sponge of information. squeeze me & flooding insues. :lol: my primary career in the trades was as a cabinetmaker & finish carpenter, but working for a gc i was pressed into service as the need arose.

 

back to the original conversation. :D so in n. america the flood basalts are right under my feet here in the pacific northwest and known as the Columbia River Basalt Group. there was no single vent (if that is what you mean by "source") responsible and the flows came & went over a period of several million years. while i have some minor quibbles with the wording at the wiki article, it's a suitable overview until i can root up something from usgs.

Formation of the Columbia River Basalt Group

Some time during a 10–15 million year period, lava flow after lava flow poured out, eventually reaching a thickness of more than 1.8 km (6,000 feet). As the molten rock came to the surface, the Earth's crust gradually sank into the space left by the rising lava. This subsidence of the crust produced a large, slightly depressed lava plain now known as the Columbia Basin or Columbia River Plateau. The northwesterly advancing lava forced the ancient Columbia River into its present course. The lava, as it flowed over the area, first filled the stream valleys, forming dams that in turn caused impoundments or lakes. In these ancient lake beds are found fossil leaf impressions, petrified wood, fossil insects, and bones of vertebrate animals.[4]

 

In the middle Miocene, 17 to 15 Ma, the Columbia Plateau and the Oregon Basins and Range of the Pacific Northwest were flooded with lava flows. Both flows are similar in both composition and age, and have been attributed to a common source, the Yellowstone hotspot. The ultimate cause of the volcanism is still up for debate, but the most widely accepted idea is that the mantle plume or upwelling (similar to that associated with present day Hawaii) initiated the widespread and voluminous basaltic volcanism about 17 million years ago. As hot mantle plume materials rise and reach lower pressures, the hot materials melt and interact with the materials in the upper mantle, creating magma. Once that magma breaches the surface, it flows as lava and then solidifies into basalt.[5]

 

Transition to flood volcanism

 

In the Palouse River Canyon just downstream of Palouse Falls, the Sentinel Bluffs flows of the Grand Ronde Formation can be seen on the bottom, covered by the Ginkgo Flow of the Wanapum Basalt.

Prior to 17.5 million years ago, the Western Cascade Stratovolcanoes erupted with periodic regularity for over 20 million years, even as they do today. An abrupt transition to shield volcanic flooding took place in the mid-Miocene. The flows can be divided into three major categories: The Steens Basalt, Grande Ronde Basalt, the Wanapum Basalt, and the Saddle Mountains Basalt. The various lava flows have been dated by radiometric dating—particularly through measurement of the ratios of isotopes of potassium to argon.[6] The Columbia River flood basalt province comprises more than 300 individual basalt lava flows that have an average volume of 500–600 km3.[7]

...

 

as to a cause, there is as yet no solid consensus. continuing the article...

Cause of the volcanism

Major hot-spots have often been tracked back to flood-basalt events. In this case the Yellowstone hot spot’s initial flood-basalt event occurred near Steens Mountain when the Imnaha and Steens eruptions began. As the North American Plate moved several centimeters per year westward, the eruptions progressed through the Snake River Plain across Idaho and into Wyoming. Consistent with the hot spot hypothesis, the lava flows are progressively younger as one proceeds east along this path.[8]

 

There is additional confirmation that Yellowstone is associated with a deep hot spot. Using tomographic images based on seismic waves, relatively narrow, deeply seated, active convective plumes have been detected under Yellowstone and several other hot spots. These plumes are much more focused than the upwelling observed with large-scale plate-tectonics circulation.[9]...

 

so, and you are going to like this, there is a new idea about the cause of the yellowstone -and other- hotspot(s), and so the cause of the basalt flows, put forward by an impact physicist named mark boslough working out of sandia labs. his idea is that a very large space rock striking the oposite side of the planet to the plateau initiated the hotspot through the mechanism of antipodal focusing. the antipode to the columbia plateau is in the indian ocean basin but i can't recall offhand if an impact site has been identified there or not. i will look.

 

here's a paper by mark. >> Axial focusing of impact energy in the Earth's interior: Proof-of-principle tests of a new hypothesis

 

here's a kewl tool for mapping antipodes on earth. >> Antipodes Map

 

here's a photo i took looking east up the columbia river gorge from the area around stevenson, washington. many of the sheer walls are spectacular examples of columnar basalt (scroll down for the section on this type of basalt), which results from slow cooling of a thick lava flow. the monolith poking up in the background & just left of center is Beacon Rock, a basalt volcanic neck. bonneville dam is just upstream around the bend.

 

so much for my reputation for brevity. :omg: enjoy.

Edited April 14, 2012 by Turtle

[7DSUSYstrings]

:)

 

I guess you found a friend in someone you had your doubts about. Nothing wrong there any more than Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood...

:D

 

In reality, without the degree of research you've put into this long before we exchanged views, I've been asking about connections between Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky and Wyoming for that one reason: Yellowstone. From both ends of the discussion it finally emerged.

 

In some ways we are probably like minds. I'm sure my eccentricity would eventually become frustrating for you because along with that I'm impulsive. For what it's worth, my sister is currently president of Michigan's Geological and Lapidary Society which she refers to as "rock club." She's widowed, too. Our dad was a master carpenter. He pioneered the fold-up speaker industry for Electrovoice many moons ago. As the name in my signature would imply, I'm related to the Lewis and Clark Charbonneau's. In that, I'm saying not to sweat loosening the tie.

 

Back to the discussion: Yellowstone geological history, faults, evolutionary fractures, especially water content including the new finding of the brine subterranean lake near the park's west ridge. I'm curious to know why it is brine. Just about anything that can be shown to originate as a flow from the caldera, I'm all ears... well... all eyes.

 

I noticed you mentioned number science? Pure math? You might get a kick out of that universe<>antiuniverse thread I started. Currently I'm developing a math application that could be dubbed a math engine. As soon as I get a chance to finish my emf technical font, I'll have it to the point of use as an equation editor, still I have to code it so it writes the equation like a CAD file. Maybe a few months and I'll have enough done to make an Open Editor and give it to the planet... :)

 

How far South do the caldera's "tendrils" progress?

[Turtle]

:)

 

I guess you found a friend in someone you had your doubts about. Nothing wrong there any more than Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood...

:D

 

In reality, without the degree of research you've put into this long before we exchanged views, I've been asking about connections between Wisconsin, Indiana, Kentucky and Wyoming for that one reason: Yellowstone. From both ends of the discussion it finally emerged.

 

In some ways we are probably like minds. I'm sure my eccentricity would eventually become frustrating for you because along with that I'm impulsive. For what it's worth, my sister is currently president of Michigan's Geological and Lapidary Society which she refers to as "rock club." She's widowed, too. Our dad was a master carpenter. He pioneered the fold-up speaker industry for Electrovoice many moons ago. As the name in my signature would imply, I'm related to the Lewis and Clark Charbonneau's. In that, I'm saying not to sweat loosening the tie.

 

Back to the discussion: Yellowstone geological history, faults, evolutionary fractures, especially water content including the new finding of the brine subterranean lake near the park's west ridge. I'm curious to know why it is brine. Just about anything that can be shown to originate as a flow from the caldera, I'm all ears... well... all eyes.

 

I noticed you mentioned number science? Pure math? You might get a kick out of that universe<>antiuniverse thread I started. Currently I'm developing a math application that could be dubbed a math engine. As soon as I get a chance to finish my emf technical font, I'll have it to the point of use as an equation editor, still I have to code it so it writes the equation like a CAD file. Maybe a few months and I'll have enough done to make an Open Editor and give it to the planet... :)

 

How far South do the caldera's "tendrils" progress?

 

and to think i don't even own a sweater. :lol:

 

i'm not up on the briny lake but i'll look around. do you have any links on this? anyway, here are 3 nested links on yellowstone. (i.e. the first page gives a link to the second, which gives a link to third.) i have included a quote from the third page that seems to bear on some of your inquiry. the 4th link is a detailed map from usgs of the yellowstone plateau area.

Yellowstone Volcano Observatory

 

Online Yellowstone Maps, Books, Databases, and Link to University of Utah Publications

 

Database for the Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field

The superlative hot springs, geysers, and fumarole fields of Yellowstone National Park are vivid reminders of a recent volcanic past. Volcanism on an immense scale largely shaped the unique landscape of central and western Yellowstone Park, and intimately related tectonism and seismicity continue even now. Furthermore, the volcanism that gave rise to Yellowstone's hydrothermal displays was only part of a long history of late Cenozoic eruptions in southern and eastern Idaho, northwestern Wyoming, and southwestern Montana. The late Cenozoic volcanism of Yellowstone National Park, although long believed to have occurred in late Tertiary time, is now known to have been of latest Pliocene and Pleistocene age. The eruptions formed a complex plateau of voluminous rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and lavas, but basaltic lavas too have erupted intermittently around the margins of the rhyolite plateau. Volcanism almost certainly will recur in the Yellowstone National Park region.

 

This digital release contains all the information used to produce the geologic maps published as plates in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 729-G (Christiansen, 2001). The main component of this digital release is a geologic map database prepared using geographic information systems (GIS) applications. This release also contains files to view or print the geologic maps and main report text from Professional Paper 729-G.

 

Geologic Map of the Yellowstone Plateau Area

 

i think the southern most tendrils are in northwestern wyoming. similar to the hotspot which has formed the hawaiian island chain as the pacific plate moves over it, the north american plate is moving over the yellowstone hotspot and the original eruptions occured when western idaho was over it.

 

pure math; yes of course. what other kind is there? :lol: this forum is my sole publisher and if you have an interest you can read some of my current work here. >> Non-figurate Numbers i have linked to the last post as my collaborators and i have just crossed the 1000 post boundary and starting from the git-go is daunting even for me. :edizzy: the exception would be post #1 to which i have appended a cursory summary of results.

 

i better hit Submit as i just about lost this post to an errant key stroke. :doh: i'll come back and edit if need be. :coffee_n_pc:

 

ps 5 edits later i think i have it right. :computerkick:

Edited March 28, 2012 by Turtle