How To Create A Wormhole?

[rocket]

I've read some articles on this topic and it occurred to me

that tiny nano-sized Einstein-Rosen Bridges can be successfully

used to teleport single particles but I've absolutely no idea

how they are supposed to be created. How can it be done?

 

PS Here's the reason why I need thisMy first thread

Edited September 30, 2012 by rocket

[CraigD]

I've read some articles on this topic and it occurred to me that tiny nano-sized Einstein-Rosen Bridges can be successfully used to teleport single particles but I've absolutely no idea how they are supposed to be created. How can it be done?

I think a bit of recent history on the concepts of wormholes is helpful to frame the question of how to create a wormhole. In the following, I draw a sketchy picture from a lot from personal interpretation, not scholarly research, but don’t think I’m badly off-course, as I’m old enough to have actually lived and read through much of this history, and had years to weed and refine my synthesis of it.

 

What would eventually come to be called wormholes were “discovered” mathematically in 1916, less than a year after Einstein presented General Relativity, a period where various mathematical physicists like Schwarzschild were working out its details, and nearly 20 years before Einstein and Rosen wrote coined the term Einstein-Rosen bridge. Though mathematically well-defined (though only for an unrealistic, idealized kind of black/white hole), just what it physically describes is not entirely clear. Some interpreted the two ends of the “bridge” to be a black hole, a volume of space into which matter-energy enters and does not leave, and the same body far in the future as a while hole that expels matter-energy, perhaps as Hawking radiation. Others interpreted the physics as a black hole being seen as its event horizon from the universe outside, a white hole the same body seen from inside it, which can be considered a separate universe. Some work in the 1960s showed that an ER bridge couldn’t connect 2 points in the same universe. As astronomers observed and sought explanation for quasars, it was suggested that they were white holes – today, informed by much more and better observation and theory, nearly all astronomers don’t believe this, but believe quasars are distant young galaxies with active nuclei.

 

Despite some noteworthy popularizations of it (one that rocked my worldview when I stumbled upon it in my pre-teens was Gamow’s 1947, revised 1961 One Two Three ... Infinity: Facts and Speculations of Science) the subject of black holes, wormholes, and whiteholes was pretty esoteric stuff, not widely discussed other than among physicists, until, beginning around in the mid 1960s, a generation of writers with exposure to modern physics (via school and popular books and articles like Gamow’s) that earlier writers lacked, aware of the limitations on interstellar-scale space travel imposed by Relativity, began popularizing the idea in print TV and film science fiction, as is usually the case taking great liberties with scientific accuracy. The wormhole, by various names, became a conventional plot device for getting characters across interstellar distances employed by writers loathe to too badly trampling physics as do stories employing simple “faster than light drives”. A standout of this sort (and another book that made a big impact on me) is Joe Haldeman’s Nebula award winning 1974 novel The Forever War

 

Science fiction employed the wormhole plot device/concept with varying degrees of scientific hardness, discussing it more with their readers and fellow writers than with professional physicists and astronomers, ‘til, in 1985, Carl Sagan, an astronomer and arguably the first “rock star” science popularizer, who was nearly done with a decade of work on the science fiction novel Contact, worried about the scientific plausibility of his novel’s use of the SF black/wormhole concept (of which, from what I’ve gleaned, he wasn’t as well-acquainted as a well-read SF fan), asked his friend Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicists, for advice on the subject. Thorne pretty quickly let Sagan know what was wrong with his novel’s physics on the subject, but found that giving him hints on how to fix them was harder, as the idea that they could be used to transport anything real, even the smallest bit of information, in the form of, say, a single photon, any distance at all, had been widely accepted as proven impossible for 50+ years, so hadn’t been widely studied (Later, Thorne would learn that, though he didn’t realize it, it had been somewhat studied as early as the 1970s). Thorne sketched the essentials of a solution, which is the first part of an answer to this thread’s question.

 

For a wormhole to exist long enough for anything to pass through it – practically speaking, for it to be said to exist at all – it must be threaded with some material that pushes it apart gravitationally. Thorne called this material exotic. While Thorne and most physicists suspected that such material can’t exist, Thorne suggested to Sagan that, using the artistic freedom of SF, he assume it can, and proceed, armed with some hints, from there, which he did.

 

Over the next few years, in collaboration with the graduate students he advised, Thorne studied the nature of this exotic material, and how it might be created, contributing to PhD candidate Mike Morris’s 1988 paper, which, when it was submitted for publication, triggered interest from physicists with more knowledge on the subject, and eventually to more hints toward a possible answer of the question of how to create exotic material.

 

In short, as outlined by Thorne, there are 2 approaches: a quantum one, and a classical General Relativistic one. The quantum one involves exploiting a virtual particle realizing mechanisms such as Hawking radiation or the Casimir effect. The GR approach breaks down into 2 sub-approaches, one requiring a mathematically complete theory of quantum gravity (which it seems nobody is making much progress toward to this day), or accepting some pretty weird time travel physics assumptions.

 

That’s about all I think this post will bear. Other than my brief SF history through The Forever War, All I’ve done in this post is essentially abbreviated chapter 14 – Wormholes and Time Machines, of Thorne’s 1994 Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy.

 

Rocket, or other interested in the question, I recommend you read this book.

 

Note that it’s 18 years, as is my best knowledge on the subject, so there’s likely more on the subject I’ve missed since then. Maybe someone who hasn’t will help out with some references to later work.

[Aethelwulf]

Doctor Kaku had proposed a way, but it is beyond our technical capabilities as of yet.

 

All you need is a lot of energy (Planck Energy) and some exotic material (negative pressure energy) to keep it open. And viola!