Chinese Scholar, Jian Liang Yang, Has Brought Order Out Of Chaos In Astrophysical Field

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At present, the big bang cosmology cannot explain galaxy formation and can not make its statements consistent, it is really in a disastrous state, the property of pseudo science is getting more and more apparent,and more and more scholars are abandoning the doctrine. The real universe is changing gradually and continuously, no matter what galaxies or objects keep in continuous change, however big bang cosmology belongs to the catastrophic theory which can not describe and reflect these actual process of change, the big bang theory dooms lumpish and useless, will certainly be replaced by the gradualistic cosmology. However, do not go to find the problem from general relativity itself, instead from another fresh road trying to start the establishment of alternative models of the big bang theory is superficial, at all can't be replaced and at best coexist. Chinese scholar by modifying the Einstein gravitational field equation complete the replacement to the big bang theory, clearly established the gradualistic cosmology, has improved and extended the the theory and application of general relativity. Many industry insiders believe that if general relativity continues to stop or grow complacent it will probably be overthrown or replaced. The new modified field equations continues to have the simplicity and elegancy of the original equation, unlike other modifications that only in order to cater to the cosmological application, free added items to field equation so that cannot go back to Newton's law of gravitation in spherically symmetric gravitational field in the distance, so such modified field equations can no longer continue to be called gravitational field equation because it didn’t have contact with gravity again. Jian liang yang’s pioneer paper “Modification of Field Equation and Return of Continuous Creation----- Galaxies Form from Gradual Growth Instead of Gather of Existent Matter”was published in international journal. The new alternative model of the big bang theory abandons the moment creation and accepts the concept of negative pressure which makes naturally the mass of celestial bodies increase and new matter generate constantly in celestial bodies, and today is the key to understand the past and the future, on logic more reasonable, can more rationally explain the observed facts. The new theory shows that not only the space between galaxies is expanding but also galaxies themselve and the average density of the universe remains unchanged, and also can explain accurately in the solar system the observed gravitational anomalies, such as the other backward movement of unknown cause of the moon after considering the tide effect, and the observed change of length of day is inconsistent with the tidal theory, and the radius of the earth is detected to increase 0.2-1 mm by the monitoring satellites each year, and the increase of distance between the sun and the earth. Obviously the continuous expansion of universe is the need of material’s generation, and vividly interprets that the space-time and matter are an indivisible unity. Besides the above distinguishing features the new gradualistic theory of universe has the following characteristics:

 

1. the modified field equation requires the pressure is negative, some people may feel uncomfortable, however this is actually a kind of secular bias. In fact both classical mechanics and relativity don’t really reject negative pressure, only appears in the equation of motion the pressure’s derivative in classical mechanics and the size of the pressure can be any value, do not rule out the negative. In relativity not only the size of the pressure but also pressure’s derivative appears in the equation of motion, which requires pressure value can not be arbitrary, but isn’t ruled out the negative pressure yet. It is the emergence of negative pressure that leads to the continuous generation of material, as the field equation is applied to an object dm + P dv = 0, the increase of mass of celestial bodies comes from the work done by the negative pressure, new matter arises doesn’t mean the infringement to the law of energy conservation.

 

2. Although galaxies or objects increase, the angular velocity of their rotation or revolution keeps constant, i.e. periodic invariant, like using a magnifying glass to watch the circular motion, not only the radius of the orbit but also the speed is amplified and the period constant, all energy come still from the work done by the negative pressure. Orbital expansion can completely be derived from geodesic equations rather than additional assumptions. The new theory has important guiding significance in solar physics, space physics, geophysical and seismic genesis and so on

 

3. Similar to the big bang, the new theory still explain the microwave background radiation for comprehensive reflection of light after red shift emitted from far bodies whose distances can not be distinguished in our instrument, but do not think from so-called final scattering surface. Compared with vast space galaxies amount to molecules, these molecules form extremely thin and deep gas, in other words our universe is equivalent to a cavity, so the light from far has black-body spectrum. But the big bang can not rationally explain the black-body spectrum, in the big bang frame universal temperature is decreased, the so-called thermal equilibrium didn’t exist at all.

 

4. The rapid generation of matter (such as the big bang) is contrary to common sense, but slow generation is not contrary to common sense, should be allowed, and any absolutization to physical laws is never a scientific attitude.

 

5. Space-time is infinite, no longer rely on the so-called critical density, the universe's expansion and contraction cycle, alternately, the scale factor meets the sine function R(t)=Csinat, excluding the irrational expansion: big bang --- decelerating ---- inflation --- decelerating ---accelerating ....... The new relation between distance and redshift derived from the modified field equations is highly consistent with observations, and universal expansion is still decelerated and the shoddy conclusion that expansion of universe is accelerating no longer exists. In the new theory sometime in the past the scale factor R (t) =0, at which mass of any body was zero, the absolute temperature of universe was also zero, with mass to increase temperature gradually rose to meet mass-luminosity ratio. That is to say, universal temperature is higher and higher but not lower and lower, and the big bang fireball didn’t exist at all.

 

6. The new theory has unified the dark matter and dark energy, the modified gravitational field equation is including all effects of dark matter and dark energy and is a complete field equations. Due to negative pressure has the multiple properties of pressure, dark matter and dark energy, dark matter and dark energy arise no longer, all effects of dark matter and dark energy are fully absorbed in the negative pressure. The more important thing is that the negative pressure can be solved through the gravitational field equation, so reduce three cosmological parameters.

 

7. The continuous expansion of the universe and the continuous creation of matter are inseparable, the expansion of the universe is not reciprocal retreat of galaxies in existing space, but rather continuous creation of space between galaxies, since the universe can create space, it can also create matter. The simultaneous creation of space and matter is an inseparable manifestation of the two. It is the expansion of the universe that provides a fundamental source of energy for all things in the universe

 

 

 

[exchemist]

Here we go again.

 

Strange claims, perhaps?

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Galaxies similar to the Milky Way are expanding by about 1,640 feet (500 meters) per second.

 

 

 

By Amber Jorgenson | Published: Tuesday, April 3, 2018

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A team of researchers looked at NCG 4565, a galaxy similar in size and structure to our own, to estimate the Milky Way’s rate of expansion.

 

Ken Crawford

Hundreds of billions of stars make up the barred spiral galaxy that we call home. The Milky Way’s 100,000 light-year diameter houses stars of different masses, luminosities, and ages, with new stars constantly being added to the mix. Star formation isn’t showing signs of slowing down, and this includes births at the outer edges of the galaxy. Could these young stars forming near the galactic edge be expanding the size of the Milky Way?

 

A team of researchers, led by Ph.D. candidate Cristina Martínez-Lombilla of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias in Spain, presented research supporting this idea at the European Week of Astronomy and Space Science on April 3.

 

Older, lower-mass stars are abundant near the galaxy’s center and in the halo that looms around the Milky Way’s disk, while younger stars form within the disk itself (the spiral arms). Because some of these hotbeds for star formation lie near the disk’s edge, the researchers set out to study how these new additions could impact the Milky Way’s dimensions.

 

However, the issue with studying the expansion of the Milky Way is our location — a comprehensive viewpoint is difficult to obtain when you’re within the object of observation. To get a clearer perspective, the researchers studied nearby spiral galaxies with similar properties to our own. In particular, they set their sights on NGC 4565, a galaxy with a 100,000 light-year diameter estimated to be between 30 and 50 million light-years from Earth.

 

Martínez-Lombilla and her team used a combination of space- and ground-based telescopes to observe star activity on the outer edges of NCG 4565’s disk. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey telescope allowed them to collect optical data, while the Spitzer and GALEX space telescopes gathered near-infrared and near-UV data, enabling them to see the motions and colors of the distant stars.

 

They measured the light emitted from these areas to determine the types of stars present, which were mainly young blue stars, and also measured their movement within the region to determine how long it takes them to start traveling outward. Their calculations show that, based on star motions, galaxies similar to the Milky Way are expanding by about 1,640 feet (500 meters) per second.

 

“The Milky Way is pretty big already. But our work shows that at least the visible part of it is slowly increasing in size, as stars form on the galactic outskirts. It won’t be quick, but if you could come back and look in 3 billion years’ time the galaxy would be about 5 percent bigger than it is today,” said Martínez-Lombilla in a press release.

 

Looking even further down the line, the Milky Way’s borders are expected to change significantly during its anticipated collision with the Andromeda Galaxy. But that won’t likely occur for another 4 billion years, so until then, we can continue to observe galaxies similar to our own to obtain even more detailed and definitive data about the Milky Way’s immediate future.

Edited December 11, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

Jian liang Yang's new cosmological theory is approved

 

 

 

Galaxies are growing means galaxies to come from gradually growing, the size of galaxies tended to be zero at the moment of Big Bang, and until today they have been growing bigger and larger. Cristina Martínez-Lombilla's measurements give jian liang yang's work great support and fits exactly the new theory YANG built up by remodeling Hoyle's steady cosmology and Big Bang cosmology. According to the new theory, not only does the space between galaxies expand following the Hubble law, but also the galaxies theirselves expand following the Hubble law, meanwhile new matter continuously generate in celestial bodies, and celestial bodies are getting bigger and brighter too.

Note that galaxies never grow by absorbing foreign matter. If so, it would absorb foreign matter not only at the edge, but anywhere on the disk, and the structure of the spiral arm would be destroyed, and the galaxies would be spherical or ellipsoid, wouldn't be like this. So the matter in galaxies must generate in celestial bodies inside the galaxies, as the universe expands galaxies grow. The galaxy seen today in the magnifying glass is the real galaxy a few years later, and the space seen today in the magnifying glass is the actual space several years later. In a word, everything is expanding simultaneously, and the expansion of the universe is the need for galaxy growth, and nature is connected and unified

 

According to the new theory, stars are gradually transformed from the planets ( celestial bodies become larger and bigger, and begin to glow gradually ). So so-called old stars are actually new stars , and the new stars are actually the old stars. Although the concept needs to be adjusted, it does not affect the conclusion that galaxies are growing，it's sufficient that just think that its birthplace is not in its present position.

 

Besides, Yang's new theory predicts that the distance between the sun and the earth increases by 9 meters a year, and four billion years ago, the sun's brightness was only 10% of today, and the radius of the earth increases by 0.5 mm per year, its mass increases by 1.2 trillion tons, and the acceleration of gravity on the earth's surface increases gradually, and the distance between the moon and the earth increases by 2.7 centimeters per year due to space-time expansion, the tides increased the distance between the moon and the earth by only 1.2 cm, and the Milky way's radius is expanding at a speed of 987 meters/sec, the rate of expansion Cristina Martínez-Lombilla measured could be too small.

Edited December 11, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

Chinese scholar Jian Liang YANG unified Hoyle cosmology and Big Bang cosmology, absorb their essence and remove their dregs.

 

 

According to the new theory built up by Jian Liang Yang, not only does the space between galaxies expand following the Hubble law, but also the galaxies theirselves expand following the Hubble law, meanwhile new matter continuously generate in celestial bodies, and celestial bodies are getting bigger and brighter too. Yang's theory has been preliminarily confirmed by present observations

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I had a quick google for papers or any further information on what is posted above ref JianLiang Yang, he generated no hits. Do you have a technical paper? 

 

Fred Hoyle never accepted the Big Bang theory, the original version of which no sentient person accepts, but the term Big Bang persists. Andrei Linde wrote the following paper which goes over various theories. https://arxiv.org/pdf/0705.0164.pdf including the inflatonery universe. 

 

Hoyles still held his opinions till he died, he thought the Big Bang was a joke based on Genesis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state_model." Quasi-steady state cosmology (QSS) was proposed in 1993 by Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Jayant V. Narlikar as a new incarnation of the steady state ideas meant to explain additional features unaccounted for in the initial proposal. The model suggests pockets of creation occurring over time within the universe, sometimes referred to as minibangs, mini-creation events, or little bangs.^[8] After the observation of an accelerating universe, further modifications of the model were made.^[9]

 

Edit A Historical reiew of Hoyles QSS model with some discussion of other theories also https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1201/1201.3449.pdf

yes, jianliangyang 's paper :  Correction of Standard Model in View of Improved Gravity Equation "

      and

 

,“Modification of Field Equation and Return of Continuous Creation - Galaxies Form from Gradual Growth Instead of Gather of Existent Matter”

[xps13579]

jian liang yang‘s work was blocked

[xps13579]

I had a quick google for papers or any further information on what is posted above ref JianLiang Yang, he generated no hits. Do you have a technical paper? 

 

Fred Hoyle never accepted the Big Bang theory, the original version of which no sentient person accepts, but the term Big Bang persists. Andrei Linde wrote the following paper which goes over various theories. https://arxiv.org/pdf/0705.0164.pdf including the inflatonery universe. 

 

Hoyles still held his opinions till he died, he thought the Big Bang was a joke based on Genesis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_state_model." Quasi-steady state cosmology (QSS) was proposed in 1993 by Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Jayant V. Narlikar as a new incarnation of the steady state ideas meant to explain additional features unaccounted for in the initial proposal. The model suggests pockets of creation occurring over time within the universe, sometimes referred to as minibangs, mini-creation events, or little bangs.^[8] After the observation of an accelerating universe, further modifications of the model were made.^[9]

 

Edit A Historical reiew of Hoyles QSS model with some discussion of other theories also https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1201/1201.3449.pdf

Yang's theory not only does not reject the supernova's explosion, but also gives the reasonable mechanism of the supernova's explosion for the first time: an explosion occurs when matter or energy inside a star gradually increases or accumulates to a critical point, for example, earthquakes are an explosive phenomenon, namely when the earth's material or energy gradually accumulates to a certain extent, it will break apart. This is the real mechanism of the earthquake, not the result of plates' movement. Yang's theory classifies stellar eruptions and earthquakes as the same cause， which is a big step forward.. According to Yang's theory, not only does the space between galaxies expand according to Hubble's Law, but also the galaxy itself expands according to Hubble's Law, and new matter or energy is generated continuously in the celestial body, and Events such as earthquakes and eruptions occur when matter or energy accumulates to a certain extent, which justifies why the sun is getting brighter and the stars erupting.The explanation of stellar burst in previous theories is far-fetched,  can not rationally explain why the sun is getting bigger and brighter.Yang's theory has been indisputably confirmed by the latest observations, Cristina Martínez-Lombilla's recent observation shows that the Milky way's radius is expanding at a rate of 500 meters per second, in full agreement with Yang's theory, which proves that galaxies form from  gradual growing, and forcefully denies old theory of galaxy formation that galaxy formation are a course of an accumulation of existing matter.

[xps13579]

You didnt look hard enough the paper can be downloaded from here www.sciepub.com/faac/abstract/7514, or from here Correction of Standard Model in View of Improved Gravity Equation or you can find it by googling " jian liang yang 's paper :  Correction of Standard Model in View of Improved Gravity Equation"

 

At first glance the paper, is very interesting and contains a lot of detail. It explains dark matter and dark energy. I will print it out and read the paper properly, it appears to be interesting and well written. 

 

EDIT The paper contains a lots of speculations and approximations, some of which appear to be madness, has the paper it had any peer reviews??

 

Edit: From the model stars would never run out of fuel, and super novae would not happen. Supernovae have been observed to happen resulting the formation of the heavier elements in the universe. On this basis without looking too hard I would discard this part of the model as it does not support observations. The theory needs to support observations, on this point it does not and is therefore wrong. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution

 

 

Would anyone else like to comment on any other aspects of the theory? 

Yang's theory not only does not reject the supernova's explosion, but also gives the reasonable mechanism of the supernova's explosion for the first time: an explosion occurs when matter or energy inside a star gradually increases or accumulates to a critical point, for example, earthquakes are an explosive phenomenon, namely when the earth's material or energy gradually accumulates to a certain extent inside it, it will break apart. This is the real mechanism of the earthquake, not the result of plates' movement. Yang's theory classifies stellar eruptions and earthquakes as the same cause， which is a big step forward.. According to Yang's theory, not only does the space between galaxies expand according to Hubble's Law, but also the galaxy itself expands according to Hubble's Law, and new matter or energy is generated continuously in the celestial body, and Events such as earthquakes and eruptions occur when matter or energy accumulates to a certain extent, which justifies why the sun is getting brighter and the stars erupting.The explanation of stellar burst in previous theories is far-fetched,  can not rationally explain why the sun is getting bigger and brighter.Yang's theory has been indisputably confirmed by the latest observations, Cristina Martínez-Lombilla's recent observation shows that the Milky way's radius is expanding at a rate of 500 meters per second, in full agreement with Yang's theory, which proves that galaxies form from  gradual growing, and forcefully denies old theory of galaxy formation that galaxy formation are a course of an accumulation of existing matter. Only by using Yang's theory can we really explain such the expansion of galaxies，only Yang's theory can link the formation of galaxies to today's its behavior .Only Yang's theory unifies the formation of galaxies and celestial bodies with the fact that the universe is expanding, which fully shows that nature is related and unified. Previous theories held that matter had no connection with the expansion of space-time. Yang's theory held that matter and space-time have been  creating at the same time.，which fully demonstrates the indivisibility of matter and time-space.

Edited December 13, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

 In Yang's theory, stars are transformed from planets. As the mass of a planet grows, its temperature rises and it glows gradually, turning into a star. Of course, the planets evolved from smaller dust. For example, after a certain period of time, both the Earth and the moon may become stars. In short, everything came from a gradual change, and in cosmology must fully embody uniformitarianism rather than  catastrophism, because the universe is essentially slow to change, and even rapid changes like eruptions are the result of accumulations of slow change. The past and the future of the universe must be understood in terms of its present behavior, rather than judging what it was like by guessing what it was like. The fact that galaxies are expanding today suggests that galaxies come from gradual growth  rather than accumulation of  existent matter, and the  process is not over and is still going on. At the time of the Big Bang the mass of all galaxies and celestial bodies was zero, so there was no singular point of infinite density and infinite temperature, and the density of the universe remained constant in yang's theory. The Big Bang is the simultaneous production of space and matter, and the process is never over. At the Big Bang, it just went faster.Unlike previous Big Bang theory, where matter is produced instantaneously, space can expand or continue to produce besides the time of  Big Bang.

Edited December 13, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

If you want to understand Yang's new beautiful theory, you must be open to the old ones， and be ready to modify or abandon any current belief

In Yang's new theory, matter is gradually formed in  celestial bodies and the celestial bodies are gradually enlarged。Yang has proved that the pressure p in celestial bodies, which is the source of gravity, takes a negative value, and the magnitude is equal to the negative value of the density, that is, p=-D, D is the density of the celestial body. The increase in the mass of the celestial body satisfies the dm+ pdv=0,  whose form is the same as the law of thermodynamics, and when the celestial body expands with the expansion of the universe, the mass increases. From the microscopic point of view, the increasing amount of matter is the result of nuclear splitting， that is, the space-time expansibility overcomes nuclear force to do  work and opens one nucleon into two nucleons. For example, when a neutron is split into two identical neutrons, there is an extra neutron in the nucleus, and then the neutron decays into a proton and an electron at the same time, releasing energy to form a new element. In Yang's theory, nuclear synthesis is continuous, radioactive material is constantly produced, constantly decays, and is in a dynamic equilibrium.Yang's theory can clearly explain the persistent energy and heat sources in celestial bodies, and explain clearly why the sun is getting hotter rather than colder. The usual explanation of energy sources in the celestial body is extremely far-fetched. Of course, the usual geological theory is based on the conservation of baryon number. It is believed that the mass of the earth is invariable, even if the change is the increase of the external matter, and the continuous creation of the matter is not recognized. Therefore, the usual theory cannot  compellently explain the earthquake.In Yang's theory, earthquakes are actually the release of energy accumulated in the Earth's interior to a certain extent, and is the performance of the earth's growth. The so-called plate motion is actually a sign that continents are far away from each other, that is, the result of the expansion of the earth, which is not only expanding the sea surface, but also expanding the continent at the same time.

Edited December 13, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

     Please note the difference between Yang's theory and Hoyle's. Yang's theory accepts Hoyle's idea of continuous creation, but does not recognize that matter is produced anywhere in space，and accepts to produce only in celestial bodies, which is consistent with the formula dm+ pdv=0，and outside the celestial body, p=0, so dm=0.  Besides, Hoyle's continuous creation is an assumption, and Yang's material creation is the inevitable conclusion of the modified field equation, so Yang's theoretical logic is stronger. In Yang's theory, galaxy number  is constant,  galaxy is gradually growing, and the average density of the universe is constant. In Hoyle's theory, new galaxiy continues to form, the size of galaxy remains the same, and the density of the universe remains constant, despite the expansion of the universe. In Hoyle's theory, the nucleus is synthesized in a star, which requires a certain temperature. In Yang's theory, nuclear synthesis takes place in any celestial body, without the requirement of temperature, which only determines the proportion of elements.

In Yang's theory, the universe's behavior today is the initial conditions to conjecture the past and the future.，today is the key to understanding the past and the future，everything in the past and in the future must be inferred from the behavior of the present

Edited December 14, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

 

I think peoples definition of beauty must differ :)

 

How are Yangs celestial bodies created. Matter creation in his theory depends on celestial bodies. Hoyle thought it happened continuously in free space a long time before celestial bodies appeared.  

 

 

Yang's theory has its own system. If you are willing to accept more advanced knowledge, please read Yang's article systematically，isn't used out of context

Edited December 14, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

 

Advanced knowledge from which planet :) 

 

Its not new knowledge, its a speculative variation on a theme, "with I think holes". I found your initial post mildly interesting and sadly I found the paper you were unable or unwilling to post and posted it on your thread, then I read it from beginning to end. I Found things that did not stack up so I asked some simple questions, none of which you answered, or were prepared to enter into discussion on. 

 

Why bother posting your supposed "advanced knowledge" :)  if you dont want to discuss it?

 

 

 

What I'm talking about here is Yang's new cosmology. Cristina Martínez-Lombilla's observation, the radius of the Milky way is expanding at a speed of 500 meters per second，has forcefully confirmed Yang's theory. The main points are that not only does space between galaxies expand according to Hubble's Law, but galaxies or celestial bodies themselves also expand according to Hubble's Law, and new matter continuously forms in celestial bodies.The variation of celestial mass with time satisfies dm=3Hmdt, H is a Hubble parameter ,a function of time. Other conclusions are derived from this. I'm sure the people will understand such a simple theory.

 

If you want to fully understand the theory, please read Yang's papers systematically and don't take it out of context

Edited December 14, 2018 by xps13579

[xps13579]

"Cristina Martinez Lombillas paper shows a current growth speed for the discs of the galaxies of 0.6 − 1 kpc Gyr−1 . https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.01546.pdf. There is no indication in this paper that it in any way supports new matter continuously forms inside celestial bodies."

 

Indeed, her paper does not talk about the continuous creation of matter.But, it is only explained reasonably by the expansion of the galaxy as a whole that galaxy's radius is enlarging at a speed of 500 metres per second.It is impossible for foreign matter to accumulate at this rate on the edge of a galaxy, even less likely to pile up just on the edge of the plate and not anywhere else on it。That is to say, if galaxies are formed by the accumulation of foreign matter, they must be spherical, and the real galaxies are obviously not so. On the other hand, as time goes back, galaxies must become smaller and smaller,if the matter in the galaxy is not continuously increasing, but has been so much, then at sometime all matter must be together, compressed into a ball, can not evolve into today's disk structure.

 

 

 

"Perhaps we are talking across purposes, are you talking about nuclear synthesis of existing matter into new matter inside celestial bodies. As far as I can see there is no evidential support for Yangs claim that new energy is created inside celestial bodies. Yangs celestial bodies include planets and new claims as to why plate tectonics happen. "

 

In Yang's theory, normal nuclear reactions are not excluded, but the special mechanism of elemental formation is also given, that is, the work done by the expansion force splits a nucleon into two nucleons, such as a neutron splitting into two neutrons, and then neutron decays normally into protons, the original light element becomes a heavy element，and can deduce the rest from this,form heavier element. The expansion of the Earth is evidence of the growth of celestial bodies.

 

 

“You seem to be implying that he has a theory of everything from the creation of additional matter inside of planets, and black holes. For that matter to be generated, the celestial bodies must already exist. No explanation of where those celestial bodies came from in the first place is given. ”

 

In Yang's theory, there is no origin about universe, if the origin must be talked, the present is the origin of the past and the future.That is, the behavior of the universe today is the initial condition of the past and the future. The past and future of the universe can only be inferred from today, and do not use the imaginating past to adapt to the present

 

 

 

"I guess what I trying to indicate to you is that some of Yangs claims might not be 100% correct and according to his paper include approximations to make the math easier. He starts out in his paper with some interesting ideas but then, "for me " goes of into cloud cuckoo land."

 

Of course, a revolutionary article can not be accepted at once, just like reading books, often give it up after reading the first few pages, If you don't work hard, you can't get to destination

Edited December 15, 2018 by xps13579

[hazelm]

I have trouble with planets becoming stars but those folk know more than I do.   So, I just quote to myself Richard Morris's "Science is not dogma".  Elsewhere he says thousands of approved theories have been trashed over the centuries and there will be more going the same way.  (my wording).  "Science is not dogma."  It can change.

 

Thank you all.  This is a very long thread and I must read it more carefully.  Good to watch an idea try to change. 

[xps13579]

 

There is no evidence the earth is expanding or has changed much in the last 600 million years. The expanding earth theory exists but there is zero evidence to support it according to current measurements. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanding_Earth. Its just another theoretical model that does not fit the facts.

 

Just like books we have supportable measurable facts and fiction not backed up by measurements :)

 

It would be revolutionary if it was completely believable.

 

NOTE I did point out earlier on the gravitational section was plausible, more so I think than @Dubbelosix 's  :) incomplete theories  :pirate:  :Whistle: or even SP2's crap 

 

EDIT: Not all galaxies are spiral galaxies https://www.space.com/22382-spiral-galaxy.html?utm_source=sdc-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20181215-sdc 

 

 

The radius of the earth is expanding at a rate of 0.4 millimeters a year, and the mass is growing, and there is plenty of evidence, both circumstantial and direct, but you don't want to see them