Material Creation

[coldcreation]

The ideas behind Cold Creation theory:

 

(1) Redshift z is a geometric phenomenon based on Einstein’s general relativity, spatiotemporal dilation with distance in a non-Euclidean universe, where light (radiation throughout the entire spectrum) ‘travels’ through a curved continuum, in straight geodesic paths, where redshift z is a clear manifestation of the hyperbolic metric from the point of view of any ‘stationary’ observer (see thread Redshift z).

 

(2) The general relativity field equations are free from the instability so often associated with them, provided the cosmological constant is taken as absolute zero curvature of spacetime and not a parameter where the zero value is flanked by both positive and negative values (of something thought to be negative pressure, anti-gravity, dark matter...). Both local and global stability are inherent in the gravitational interaction (see thread The Cosmological Constant: A New Law).

 

It follows from the above arguments (and this is why it was important to lay bare the notions of redshift and lambda first) that (a) the universe is not expanding, cannot expand, space is not created or stretched between galaxy clusters, the universe is stable against collapse or expansion: there was no big bang or hot event in the past. (:Waldo: the history of the universe is far different than what is currently believed, and therefore, matter (light elements) must have been created other than through primordial nucleosynthesis (if indeed matter is at all created or transformed).

 

 

Foundations of the Cold Creation theory:

 

- Theoretical pillars: General Relativity and the laws of thermodynamics give rise to the Cold Creation theory.

 

- Concepts of the Cold Creation theory: Cold Creation theory makes definite predictions for the structure and evolution of the universe that depend on the nature of the relationship between material objects, field, spacetime itself.

 

Observational tests of the Cold Creation theory

 

- Geometric structure of the universe: Redshift z: The cosmological constant is the foundation of empty space. Matter and energy exert a curvature of spacetime. The universe appears hyperbolic. Light is affected as it passes through curved space-time in a non-expanding universe.

 

- Gravity, Stability and The cosmological constant: A physical mechanism inherent in space called the cosmological constant is operational in regulating stability between all objects: starting from Lagrangian points. Lambda is a fundamental constant of nature attached to a new law of physics outlining the properties of empty space (most of which are known from vacuum physics research).

 

- The Cold Creation of hydrogen: Material creation of hydrogen (and its constituents) arises in the vacuum of space extremely close to absolute zero temperature.

 

- Abundance of elements: Cold Creation makes definite predictions for the types and amount of matter in the universe. All of the elements except for hydrogen were created through stellar processes (fusion, supernovae, etc.) over timescales that exceed by several orders of magnitude the suspected age of the universe (250 to 650 billion years is sufficient to form the observed elements).

 

- The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation: The early universe should have been extremely cold and smooth. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the culmination of blackbody heat leftover from stars. The thermal history of the universe is from cold to warmer, from absolute zero to the observed 2.7 K.

 

- Relativity and thermodynamics: Irreducible ground-state energy (or zero-point energy, ZPE) and zero-point fluctuations (ZPF) of the vacuum lead to emergent phenomena: The condensation of ground energy via interactions forms particles.

 

Limitations and extensions of Cold Creation theory

 

- Unification: The unification of gravity with other forces of nature, general relativity with quantum mechanics, has to take place very close to absolute zero temperature, at low energy levels (close to zero).

 

- Structures in the universe: Cold Creation theory attempts to explain how galaxies (including barred galaxies) and galactic clusters came to exist in the universe.

 

- Fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation: The variations in the temperature of the CMB are a perfect example of the second law of thermodynamics. Entropy increases with time. The fluctuations used to be larger in scale and fewer (uniformity is at the unattainable minus infinity).

 

The universe

 

- The material universe: The matter in the universe is fundamental in determining the properties of our universe. Matter is mostly composed of protons, neutrons, electrons and/or photons.

 

- Can Life continue to flourish in the universe? In principle, life could flourish as long as stars continue to shine. That will depend on whether hydrogen is continually created or not.

 

- The future evolution of the universe: Will the universe continue to heat up indefinitely? No, it will not. It has taken an infinite amount of time to reach the observed ultra-freezing temperature of almost 3 K. It could an infinite amount of time in the future to reach 6 K.

 

 

Several points are essential:

 

It must be shown that objects (planets, galaxies, etc.) can remain in stable orbits without artificially induced velocities. It is thought that the earth remains in orbit around the sun because its speed exactly cancels the suns gravitational attraction. The tendency to leave the solar system is balanced with the tendency to crash into the sun. We argue that there is a mechanism in space responsible for generating equilibrium, independent of centrifugal force. And, that the same physical phenomenon is responsible for the stability of the entire universe.

 

The shifting towards the red end of the spectrum in light coming from distant objects (redshift) has another explanation beside the Doppler effect (or motion away from the observer). It can be shown to be a large-scale

 

Matter, is generally believed to be a leftover from the big bang: an asymmetrical explosion of antimatter and matter: antimatter was totally annihilated, matter was not; some was be left behind (Sandage 1993). Material creation can be explained without primordial annihilation.

 

The observed Cosmic Microwave Background, CMB, (a blackbody spectrum at a radiation temperature in intergalactic space of 2.726 K) is not a remnant of a hot creation event. The CMB was produced by stellar means (hydrogen burning stars, supernovae) over a time span of approximately 100 billion years, or more (Burbidge, Hoyle, 1998).

 

Observations should show metal-rich (old) spiral galaxies at great distances. These galaxies can be seen in the deepest view ever of the universe called Hubble Ultra Deep Field, though metallicity still needs to be determined. Definitive proof should come in 2011 when ESA and NASA launch the higher resolution James Webb Space Telescope.

 

Missing from our standard contemporary cosmological theories is not just mathematical, experimental or observational proof, but the entire dimension that relates evolutionary processes and their significance within the discourse of nature. (Recall that at the hypothesized ‘beginning’ all the laws of physics breakdown, or rather, our theories breakdown). There is a dimension to the importance contained in the Cold Creation interpretation, the dimension that relates to the emergence of order, of complexity, of evolution, of growth, of human consciousness, creativity and imagination, of life.

 

Coldcreation

[CraigD]

The ideas behind Cold Creation theory: …

Impressive. Coldcreation has clearly thought a lot about cosmology.

 

I’m unfortunately short on free time to study this first “ideas behind” writeup and the literature related to the ideas it references, but, as this thread seems unduly quiet, I’ll throw out my as yet disorderly list of observations and speculations, focusing, I think, on the simplest features:

 

A key distinction between the Big Bang Theory (BBT) and CCT can be summarized by a graph of the absolute masses of the elements. CCT postdicts a fairly uniform increase in these masses over 250+ BY, while BBT postdicts a slight decrease in H and increases in everything else over 14 BY.

 

Another is the relative masses of the elements. Where BBT postdicts essentially 75% H, 25% He, CCT postdicts an era, before the formation of the first stars, of 100% H.

 

These distinctions suggest that CCT predicts less He will be observed via spectroscopic analysis of distant stars than does BBT, a testable prediction.

[coldcreation]

Impressive. Coldcreation has clearly thought a lot about cosmology.

 

I’m unfortunately short on free time to study this first “ideas behind” writeup and the literature related to the ideas it references, but, as this thread seems unduly quiet, I’ll throw out my as yet disorderly list of observations and speculations, focusing, I think, on the simplest features:

 

A key distinction between the Big Bang Theory (BBT) and CCT can be summarized by a graph of the absolute masses of the elements. CCT postdicts a fairly uniform increase in these masses over 250+ BY, while BBT postdicts a slight decrease in H and increases in everything else over 14 BY.

 

Another is the relative masses of the elements. Where BBT postdicts essentially 75% H, 25% He, CCT postdicts an era, before the formation of the first stars, of 100% H.

 

These distinctions suggest that CCT predicts less He will be observed via spectroscopic analysis of distant stars than does BBT, a testable prediction.

 

 

Thank you CraigD, once again, for your interest.

 

Evolution in the look-back time is effectively one of the key ways of differentiating between one model or an other:

 

It has been written (Villard 2005) that the Hubble deep fields offer clear evidence for hierarchical evolution of galaxies from fragmentary star clusters to pathological colliding galaxies, to full spirals and ellipticals.

 

I’ve examined the Ultra Deep Field images very closely (and urge everyone to do so) and have found that galaxies at great distances appear well formed. Some are peculiar looking, but so are some galaxies nearby. Others have found objects at great distances to be metal rich: In 2004 Richard S. Ellis (Caltech) studied the ultra deep images in detail. One of the outstanding features of the ‘early’ universe is that galaxies out to redshift 7 appear to have normal stellar populations. These are not the big, bright, ultra-heavy 500 solar-mass 1st generation stars thought to have reigned at the time. Others too have found that distant red galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (Toft et al 2005) present morphological properties that suggest “complex stellar populations, consisting of both evolved populations that dominate the mass.

 

There’s more: Isobel Hook (see Hook et al, c2004), head of the UK Gemini Support Group, (Oxford University) is part of the Gemini Deep Deep Survey (GDDS) team whose objective is to capture the faintest galactic light ever detected. Three hundred galaxies were scrutinized. “These highly developed galaxies, whose star-forming youth is in fact long gone, just shouldn’t be there, but are," said Co-Principal Investigator Karl Glazebrook (Johns Hopkins University).

 

The supposition that the morphology of galaxies in the Hubble Deep Fields is very different in the past than in the present is not a confirmed observational fact, when redshift and surface brightness are taken into account (Buta & Block 2001, Thomson, R.I, 2000, Ellis 1997, Takamiya 1999).

 

The situation is not good for the standard model.

 

“It is quite obvious from the Gemini spectra that these are indeed very mature galaxies, and we are not seeing the effects of obscuring dust. Obviously there are some major aspects about the early lives of galaxies that we just don’t understand.” Said Patrick McCarthy (Observatories of the Carnegie Institution).

 

“Studying the chemical composition of the interstellar gas, we discovered that the galaxies in our survey are more metal-rich than expected." Sandra Savaglio (Johns Hopkins University).

 

 

The universe, just about everyone will agree, is evolving. The question is how? In QSSC evolution is primarily a scale factor evolution. The hot big bang cold dark matter model has both scale factor and material evolution (from the beginning onwards).

 

It follows that there appears no galaxy formation epoch at the greatest visible distances, there is no evidence of large-scale structures condensing out of primordial plasma by exponential collapse within initial density fluctuations near the visible horizon. Observations seem to show metal-rich (old) galaxies at that supposed distance/era, though metallicity still needs to be determined further. Definitive proof should come in 2011 when ESA and NASA launch the higher resolution James Webb Space Telescope.

 

Cold Creation predicts that the spectra of the most distant objects visible in the universe will show lines of C, N, and O, proving that stellar nucleosynthesis was already well underway prior to this look-back time, that these elements had been spread by the massive explosion of stars that themselves had to evolve over time scales that surpass by far the suspected age of the universe.

 

The enriched material would eventually find its way to the core of parent galaxies (and old globular clusters), proving that considerable stellar evolution had already taken place (at those ‘early’ times), that the universe is much older than suspected, and that the theory of primordial creation and nucleosynthesis of the light elements (that would eventually fuse to form the heavier ones) from an initial state a short time ago is deceptive. In more simple words, the history of the universe is totally different than physicist suspect.

 

The cold, hard facts presented here, particularly the lack of a galaxy forming era, and the high metallicity of the most distant objects compel continued vigilance and concerted engagement to continue the search for a new standard model that does agree with observation.

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

Pre-Material Creation:

 

The possibility that creation occurred (or transpires) in a low temperature, low energy regime is intriguing if not compelling, and the appreciation of this phenomenon will no doubt necessitate at some stage a comprehensive reconsideration of our ideas and understanding of what the universe is, where it came from, and how it changes with time.

 

Cold Creation explicitly states that the lowest possible energy (zero-point energy ZPE) along with the competition between stability and instability, order and disorder (zero-point fluctuation ZPF) associated with the very early vacuum universe are the key, the main ingredient and the primary source of material creation: a process that took form some 600 to 250 billion ago. That leaves plenty of time for the creation of the observed light elements through astrophysical means, for the observed nucleosynthesis of heavy elements in distant stars (located near the visible horizon), and for the formation of the large-scale structures.

 

“The fact that the great majority of the 320 stable isotopes have been generated astrophysically has always made the idea that all of the isotopes were made this way very attractive.” (Burbidge, Hoyle 1998)

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

In brief:

 

If Cold Creation theory (or possibly another alternative model that postulates a stationary universe) is correct, metal-rich globular clusters with old stellar populations should be found at very high redshift in galaxies corresponding to lookback-times of +10 Gyrs.

 

This would imply that they had formed heavy elements over 20 Gyrs ago. The standard model (and its offshoots) would find it extremely difficult to absorb that kind of observation within its framework.

 

We may have to wait until the 2011 for high enough resolution images if the HUDF are unable to detect those aged stellar populations.

 

The galaxies at those distances must be well formed, spirals, elipticals, barred spirals etc. should be found within the field.

 

The thermal history of the universe is from virtually absolute zero to to the observed CMB blackbody radiation of roughly 2.7 K.

 

There is more...

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

There is more...

 

From an infinite ground-state vacuum, the lowest energy configuration, with nearly zero entropy, irreducible fluctuations lead to irreversible transformations. As we go back in time, towards minus infinity, available energy tends to zero, entropy tends to zero, temperature tends to absolute zero, fluctuations and curvature tend to zeroæby definition, infinity and the zero values are unattainable. This is the ground-state from which change was inevitable.

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

Through macroscopic interactions, critical points are attained where phase transitions take place.

 

In the course of this competition between potential energy, free energy, the ground-state energy and the number of arrangements (or entropy) the universe is forced to choose amongst a number of macroscopically different sets of microscopic arrangements.

 

Order and coherence with the universe, or system (and collective subsystems) are the extraordinary features to emerge from the spontaneous transition of the simple polarized vacuum to the complex structures observed today. Alongside the random fluctuations of thermal (kinetic) motion performed by a large number of particles, the coherent self-organization leads to the emergence of localized complex behavior and far-from-equilibrium states. It is this self-accelerating process that has opened the gateway to systems capable of self-reproduction—the most fundamental asset of life—to conscious creatures like ourselves, imaginative, creative and inventive.

 

Coldcreation

[HydrogenBond]

if we look at energy it moves at the speed of light yet its distance and time components (wavelength and frequency) are not distance contracted or time dilated. They do not show the effect one would expect from the speed of light. Energy appears to have three aspects, one at the speed of light, i.e, M=0 particle inferrred from the equivilency of mass and energy, and two finite inertial components of distance and time. The red shift of distant astro phenomena does not effect the speed of light, which remains constant, but the two inertial componments show relativity effect on their two aspects of inertial reference.

 

If the two inertial components of energy were also at the reference of the speed of light, inertial distance and time would both encompass infinity. This is sort of what you guys seem to be saying with cold creation, i.e., inertial is infinite and void. When all three reference components energy are at the speed of light, there is no more inertial or 1C component energy in the inertial universe as we know it.

 

If we decellerate just the distance and time of three parameter=C energy from C so they can become finite, this would be an exothermic event that would create energy as we know it. As such, even with the universe cold and void in an inertial sense, potential energy still exists at the speed of light, which encompasses infinite time and space.

 

Alternately, if we decellerate just the mass and time but leave distance at C, we still get an exothermic event that creates finite mass and time within an infinite universe.

 

While if we decellerate just the mass and distance but leave time at C. We still get an exothermic event that will create an eternal universe with finite mass and distance.

 

If we decellerate all three we get finite mass, distance and time. This is the universe that we see. The equivilency of mass and energy allows force to make energy from the mass. This kicks only the M=0 aspect back to the speed of light from where it came.

[coldcreation]

if we look at energy it moves at the speed of light yet its distance and time components (wavelength and frequency) are not distance contracted or time dilated. They do not show the effect one would expect from the speed of light. Energy appears to have three aspects, one at the speed of light, i.e, M=0 particle inferrred from the equivilency of mass and energy, and two finite inertial components of distance and time. The red shift of distant astro phenomena does not effect the speed of light, which remains constant, but the two inertial componments show relativity effect on their two aspects of inertial reference.

 

If the two inertial components of energy were also at the reference of the speed of light, inertial distance and time would both encompass infinity. This is sort of what you guys seem to be saying with cold creation, i.e., inertial is infinite and void. When all three reference components energy are at the speed of light, there is no more inertial or 1C component energy in the inertial universe as we know it.

 

If we decellerate just the distance and time of three parameter=C energy from C so they can become finite, this would be an exothermic event that would create energy as we know it. As such, even with the universe cold and void in an inertial sense, potential energy still exists at the speed of light, which encompasses infinite time and space.

 

Alternately, if we decellerate just the mass and time but leave distance at C, we still get an exothermic event that creates finite mass and time within an infinite universe.

 

While if we decellerate just the mass and distance but leave time at C. We still get an exothermic event that will create an eternal universe with finite mass and distance.

 

If we decellerate all three we get finite mass, distance and time. This is the universe that we see. The equivilency of mass and energy allows force to make energy from the mass. This kicks only the M=0 aspect back to the speed of light from where it came.

 

 

 

Hello HydrogenBond, You have a cool name,

What you wrote is very interesting. Can you elaborate?

 

To continue the exposé...

Transitions between states are stimulated by incident electromagnetic fields. The vacuum fluctuations or turbulence of the zero-point energy (ZPE) of the quantized fields interact and are accountable for the spontaneous emission of atomic energy levels. Those modes have their energy-density altered and are thus sensitive to the confining geometry.

 

Material creation occurs in the cold, very low temperature environment of the ground-state vacuum through the appearance and formation of controlled spontaneous ‘vortices’ and peaks in the ground-state energy (or zero point energy ZPE). Excited particles group with one electron orbiting at large distances from the core proton. These hydrogen atoms have remarkable properties: they have large polarisability potential and they ionize with ease in weak electromagnetic fields, they eventually form molecules where the nuclear spins are oriented at random relative to the rotational axis so that the resulting magnetic moments cancel on average, when the atomic hydrogen gas is sufficiently dense it undergoes a transition to a superfluid-like state, to an ordered phase.

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

According to the physicist that currently resides in the Cambridge chair formerly held by Isaac (but with wheels); “the uncertainty principle means that even “empty” space is filled with pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles.” He persists…”These pairs would have an infinite amount of energy and, therefore…they would have an infinite amount of mass. There gravitational attraction would thus curve up the universe to infinitely small size.” (1988 p. 157).

 

It is because of this type of fantastic (unbelievable incredible implausible far-fetched preposterous absurd grotesque whimsical) quasi-scientific argument that Cold Creation began exploring new ways of explaining what had happened, new ways of describing the logic inherent in nature, by means of a methodical scientific approach.

 

Coldcreation...

[HydrogenBond]

The uncertainty principle is an artifact of limited experimental capability, but which can, nevertheless, explain how something so small could exist as a large volume. The uncertainy principle does not imply no certainy but leaves open less and greater uncertainy or a uncertainty density function. This is harder to model mathematically. When the electron reaches a greater uncertainy to appear at the bottom of an orbital (less uncertainy of being at the perimeter) it is ready to quantum kick up an orbitial state.

[coldcreation]

The uncertainty principle is an artifact of limited experimental capability, but which can, nevertheless, explain how something so small could exist as a large volume. The uncertainy principle does not imply no certainy but leaves open less and greater uncertainy or a uncertainty density function. This is harder to model mathematically. When the electron reaches a greater uncertainy to appear at the bottom of an orbital (less uncertainy of being at the perimeter) it is ready to quantum kick up an orbitial state.

 

Welcome to the virtual-real-world HydrogenBond: one where bad is interpreted as good, where heaven is synonymous with hell-fire explosions, where false is thought to be true, positive is confused with negative, consciousness transcends humanity, villains are considered heroes, right and wrong are relative, where death is supposed to be the beginning of another life, where pleasure and pain have a common source, where ugly and beautiful are next of kin, repulsion and attraction depend on perspective, uncertainty and instability are the rule not the exception, where monsters and dragons have scientific names (BHs, magnetic monopoles, wormholes, etc), where redshift is thought to mean expansion, destruction (the big bang) is thought to be creative, where there’s no distinction between physical and metaphysical, where science and religion stand on the same rickety foot, geometry is taken as a force (gravity), where there is failure to differentiate between God, Hawking, and Nature.

 

Something has only just begun

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

The universe appears homogenous and isotropic because energy and matter were never all agglomerated in the same spot. The universe was always homogenous and isotropic globally, depending on epoch. A realistic assumption is that it will continue that way, at least on large scales. The CMB too has very small fluctuations in temperature magnitude: Not a surprising observation considering evolution has been very slow, very tranquil, from an extremely low, almost uniform background. The universe has evolved from cold to warm.

 

“H-o-l-d y-o-u-r f-i-r-e” (a faltering voice synthesizer utters), “t-h-e f-l-o-w o-f h-e-a-t i-s a-l-w-a-y-s f-r-o-m h-o-t t-o c-o-l-d.”

 

Indeed the Cold Creation universe evolves from extremely close to absolute zero, to the temperature now observed in the CMB. The universe itself is not a generator of heat, it is not the source of heat, and so it needs not cool with time. The source of the CMB is simply a compilation of all undifferentiated kinetic energy generated by matter, e.g., fusion in stars.

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

 

“H-o-l-d y-o-u-r f-i-r-e” (a faltering voice synthesizer utters), “t-h-e f-l-o-w o-f h-e-a-t i-s a-l-w-a-y-s f-r-o-m h-o-t t-o c-o-l-d.”

 

Coldcreation

 

The author may give his search the aura of a low-temperature obsession, but it is one that aspires to the heat of dynamics, with entropy as the not-at-all-secret rule rather than exception.

 

It is in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics that Cold Creation states its analysis of evolution; of a universe that transits infinitesimally from cold to lukewarm with time, and we feel comfortable as we are convinced that this is not a nebulous abstraction but a reasonable and amenable standard. The universe was in the distant past a much more simple place, before stars, galaxies and people.

 

Entropy is responsible for much of the complexity and increased randomness observed today. This may sound fanciful for promoters of entropy as chaos or global disorder. After all entropy is often described with the example of a gas spreading from one side of a compartmentalized container (with a hole to allow gas to pass through) to fill the entire container.

 

Whereas modern cosmology pushes the ultimate problem of creation beyond the range of possible knowledge, and subsequently attempts (unsuccessfully) to define new laws of nature that will somehow validate the theories, Cold Creation uses the known laws of nature to determine past and future events and phenomenon.

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

The universe, just about everyone will agree, is evolving. The question is how? In QSSC evolution is primarily a scale factor evolution. The hot big bang model has both scale factor and material evolution (from the beginning onwards). But as we've noted, there doesn't seem to be clear evidence of material evolution in the look-back-time. The most recent Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field images are under study now. Photos of the deepest view of the universe have just been released.

 

Astronomers are anxious to draw attention to what appears to be evolution. Steven V. W. Beckwith (2004) on Comcast Cable Communications said wishfully (and prematurely) “For the first time we're looking back at stars that are forming out of the depths of the big bang…We're seeing the youngest stars within a stone's throw of the beginning of the universe."

 

And on http://www.spacetelescope.org Massimo Stiavelli of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore said “Hubble takes us a stone's throw of the big bang itself.” This is an epoch where galaxies are supposed to be forming shortly after the big bang. Galaxies are presumed to be “toddlers, enmeshed in a period of rapid developmental changes” according to Stiavelli.

 

More soon.

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

What evidence do we have that there was any creation at all? If observation tells us that matter cannot be created is it a reasonable hypothesis that matter has existed for eternity? Is it possible that a big bang event just redistributed existing matter and didn't create any of it?

 

What observation shows that matter cannot be created? It is mainstream physics that energy is neither created or distroyed, but is tranformed. It is also mainstream physics that tells us matter can be transform into energy and visa versa. Also mainstream (albeit less so) is the notion that all we see in the visible universe today results from a hot creation event, where matter-antimatter met in a catastrophic asymmetric annihilation that created gamma rays, and left an excess of matter over antimatter (which was entirely eliminated), giving the current baryon to photon ratio.

 

The word creation (in the scientific sense), or create, created (formed, transformed), need to be properly put into context.

 

A star is created out of gas, dust and whatever undifferentiated matter is floating around in the initial cloud that would condense under gravitational collapse.

 

A molecule is created when atoms bond to form pairs or chains.

 

Heavy elements are formed (or created) when atoms fuse under extreme pressure. This is not simply a redistribution of matter. It is the creation of heavy nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, alone with the creation of electron shells that would otherwise not have been.

 

The creation of a hydrogen atom H is created when a proton and electron bond.

 

A proton is created when three quarks a bounded.

 

A triple-quark combo is created when enough energy is consentrated at cryogenic temperatures (exeedingly close to absolute zero on the Kelvin scale).

 

Coldcreation

[coldcreation]

Brrrrrrrrrr, material cold-cryogenic-creation is not going away. Get your mittens.

cc